Drugs and their influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Drugs and their influence - Research Paper Example In 2004, the famous Whitney Houston disappointed many of her fans when she was arrested because of drug use. She ended losing her voice and reputation. In 2009, Michael Jackson shocked the world with his death that is associated with drugs. Such cases are only a few of the many unknown cases of drug users. Other effect is on the economy of the government. Billions of government money has been spent to treat victims of drug abuse and eliminating its supply but it seems victims of it and its illegal market grew even more. Tom Whitehead (2011) in his editorial report mentioned that the government has wasted 100 billion pounds tackling illicit drug markets. Because of this, aggressive attempts to prevent abuse of drugs by the government not only in the United States but internationally have been enforced. The supply and cost, risk factors of illegal drug use, and practice of physicians all influence the continuous habit of using drugs. Understanding these factors may lead to better strat egies or techniques in dealing with the problem of drug use in the United States. Review of Related Literature Influence of Supply and Costs of Illegal Drugs in its use Most problems of drug use in the Unites States are rooted in the supply. The supply of illegal drugs is abundant in some States of the country especially in the southern part because of its proximity to Columbia and Mexico which are the largest producers and suppliers of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine (Reuter, 2009). Drugs flourish in the Northern cities of Mexico and seem too crawl beyond its border and expand to United States through its border cities. This claim is further supported by the study by Bucardo and company (2005) where they explained that Mexican border crossings might be a contributory factor on the rampant heroin use in the border cities of the United States. History also reveals that Mexican and Columbian drugs reach the United States and Canada via the Caribbean. With the proliferation of dru g production in these neighboring countries, eliminating drug use is almost would be difficult. Not only illegal drugs are abused because of abundant supply. Cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and over the counter (OTC) drugs are also commonly abused. More than 46 million individuals in the United States alone are smokers. The supply of cigarette and alcohol makes it an easy choice of drug abusers to shift from illegal drugs to cigarette and alcohol instead. Today that law enforcers are becoming stricter in the implementation of laws in clamping down drug traffickers, supply of cocaine was reduced forcing drug users to resort to over the counter drugs too. Most often, pain killers like codeine, morphine, and oxycodone are abused as a replacement of illegal drugs. Cost also influences the proliferation of drug users. Low price encourages users to continue the use of illicit drugs because it is affordable. Ironically, policies prohibiting its sale caused the price of the commodity to decr ease and that drug users could easily avail of it. The increased capture of drug traffickers by coast guards and other government authorities had significantly resulted in the low price of the commodity favoring drugs users because of reasonable price. Report also stated that the price of heroine had further deteriorated to 30% more even with a 26% seizure rate of heroine throughout the world (ONDCP, 2004). On the other

Organized Crime Essay Example for Free

Organized Crime Essay Two thirds of all homicides in Omaha, NE are gang related. With an average of 40 homicides per year, without the gang activity in this city, 26 of them could be avoided. Founded in 1990 the 40th Street Crips are the oldest, most established gang in Omaha at this time. They are involved in every type of crime that is prevalent in Omaha from identity theft to homicides. This gangs has a negative effect on the people, businesses, and properties in their area. The 40th Street Crips qualify as an organized crime organization by displaying some of the attributes assigned to identify organized crime groups. This gang is the most active, dangerous, organized crime group in Omaha at this time their negative effects on the people and neighborhoods they prey on is felt throughout the whole community. The 40th Street Crips work out of an area in North Omaha near 40th and Bedford streets. Like the Crips in Los Angeles, CA, they can be identified by their blue handkerchief and athletic wear, they prefer BK tennis shoes as in the gang culture it stands for blood killer. (http://midwestgangs. tripod. com/id3. html) The Bloods are their rival gang. They are involved in several different types of crime in Omaha. In a personal phone interview with Bruce Ferrell, former Omaha Police Officer and current President of the Midwest Gang Investigators Association, he stated â€Å"they are involved in drive-bys, felony assaults, homicides, narcotic distribution, robberies, home invasions, identity theft, and auto theft. † (B. Ferrell, personal communication, March 13, 2013) Because of this gang, people in North Omaha live with fear and intimidation at all times. The businesses have a harder time being successful because people do not want to shop in North Omaha, as they are frightened. The property values are substantially lower in this area due to the 40th Street Crips activities. There are several attributes of organized crime that fit this group. (Abadinsky, 2009, p. 3-4) I have chosen the three most closely related to this gang. 1. Has no political goals. – This group’s main objective is money and power they are not motivated by any ideology.  Their goals are too make money through the commission of crimes and if they spread intimidation and fear in the commission of these crimes so much the better. 2. Exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence. – 40th Street Crips are the number one gang right now in Omaha for drive by shootings. Most of the members will kill someone for any slight perceived or real. 3. Perpetuates itself. – This gang has been active since 1990 and long ago cut its ties with the Los Angeles Crips. New gang members are often recruited from family and friends of current members. (Abadinsky, 2009, p. -4) There are several reasons to analyze and research this group, the number one reason is they are the most active and violent gang in Omaha at this time, conducting by far the most drive-bys and felony assaults. (B. Ferrell, personal communication, March 13, 2013) They are doing the most damage to the north Omaha youth by destroying their futures by bringing them into gangs. The actions they take are directly destructive to businesses and housing in North Omaha as they are lowering property values and making it hard to conduct business in an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. http://www. nationalgangcenter. gov/content/Impact-of-gangs-on-communities. pdf) The 40th Street Crips are a dangerous, violent well established gang in Omaha. Their actions are having negative effects on the communities and neighborhood that they are active in. The law enforcement officers in this city are taking every action possible to eliminate organized crime activity all over Omaha not just in north â€Å"O†. â€Å"We recognize there is too much violence in this town,† said 2010 Omaha Police Chief Alex Hayes. â€Å"It’s never going to be good (here) until it’s gone. † (Perez Jr. , 2010, para. 3)

Changes to Irish Historiography and Historical Debate

Changes to Irish Historiography and Historical Debate Discuss the growth of Irish historiography and historical debate since the 1960s with specific reference to at least two of the following areas: women’s history, social history, labour history, economic history, local history, the history of the diaspora. There has been without a doubt a growth in Irish historiography and historical debate since the 1960’s. The following will discuss and examine the reasons for the growth of Irish historiography and historical debate. Irish historiography had tended to focus on the relationship between England (and later Britain) and Ireland with its consequences for both countries’ developments and history. Irish historiography also highlighted key events that proved pivotal in shaping the Irish nation. Such events include the English invasions from the 12th century, the reformation, the plantations of Ulster, the consequences of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution. Further defining moments were also the development of Irish Republicanism that was shown by the 1798 rebellion and the emergence of the Fenian Brotherhood during the 19th century. The potato famine of the 1840’s would prove disastrous to the Irish population whilst encouraging immigration to Britain, the United States and Australia. Such immigration will as examined lead to the development of the diaspora. The way in which Ireland was partitioned to account for the two versions of Irish nationalism has become the central theme of historical debate. The Civil Rights Movement within the Roman Catholic community of Northern Ireland which inadvertently led to the troubles will be evaluated as to whether that is the prime motivator of changes in Irish historiography and historical debate. Prior to the English involvement Ireland was an independent if divided country. One historical debate is whether the English were good or bad for Ireland. It had been influenced by mainly Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and Viking settlements.[1] Irish culture was Gaelic and Christian in character. The English that came to Ireland were descendants of the Normans that ruthlessly conquered England a century before. In contrast to William the Conqueror these Anglo-Norman invaders did not intend to stay and were invited to cross the Irish Sea to join in with a conflict between Gaelic chieftains. For the Irish the involvement the Anglo-Norman in their affairs was a monumental change in their destiny. From Henry II English Kings came to regard stability in Ireland as in important part of their security. The accident of geography was to lead to the inter relationship between the English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish that has brought both benefits and disasters to all concerned. There are people who believ e that the English or British brought benefits to the Irish will tend to stress the good consequences of their involvement rather than the bad. Those who have an anti-English outlook stress the harmful consequences, [2] Henry II himself was not in a hurry to invade Ireland; his possessions in France and England took priority. However once the English arrived in 1172 they would not be removed by the Irish for centuries, and even then not from the whole of Ireland.[3] English control of Ireland was never complete and centred around Dublin. The amount of control fluctuated depending on the power and interest of the King. Strong Kings such as Edward IV and Henry VII attempted to increase their power in Ireland. It was to be Henry VIII that would alter the shape of Irish history as much as he changed that of England. Henry VIII was a man of great ambition, in 1541 he proclaimed himself King of Ireland, thus showing the intention of gaining greater control of Ireland.[4] The Tudors made their control of Ireland effective if not complete yet at the cost of sowing future conflict over religion, politics and the status of Ireland. Henry VIII had already attempted to gain the loyalty of the Irish nobility and gain control over the Irish church. After the break from Rome, Henry was determined to introduce the Church of England to his Irish subjects as well as his English subjects. The Reformation would further complicate the relationship between the Irish and English. The Reformation was slow to take root in Ireland; the Roman Catholic Church maintained its strength in the majority of the island, especially in rural areas. Whilst the Irish parliament faithfully followed the religious legislation roller coaster ride seen in England the Irish did not follow suit. Ironically it was the Roman Catholic, Mary I that came up with the strategy that would change Irish society and economy as profoundly as it affected its politics and religion, the plantations.[5] The Irish did not accept those changes without resisting. The most serious threat to the Tudor hold on Ireland came with the Earl of Tyrone’s rebellion of the 1590’s that was not finally put down until 1604.[6] Despite that rebellion James VI of Scotland inherited Ireland under the crown’s control when he gained the English throne.[7] James I greatly expanded the plantations in particular to the Irish province of Ulster. The protestant settlers gained land off of the Irish population of Ulster in return for their loyalty to Britain. The settlers would be given social and economic advantages by the government that persisted into the 20th century and was deeply resented by the Roman Catholic communities. That resentment contributed to the rebellion of 1641 that attacked the plantations. Irish nationalists and republicans regard the plantations as a prime example of British imperialism whilst Unionists regard them as the foundation of their communities.[8] The rebel lion in Ireland sparked off the English Civil War, there was in effect Civil Wars in England, Scotland and Ireland that would result in much bloodshed and the removal of Charles I. The situation in Ireland was complicated; there were those that supported the English parliament and those that wished to use the Civil Wars as an opportunity to gain independence. All Irish opposition to the English parliament was ruthlessly suppressed by Oliver Cromwell and resulted in the massacre of Drogheda. Oliver Cromwell remains associated with bloody repression and the use of terror to this day, the paradox of an English republican with Imperial policies.[9] The Irish Catholic community would remain loyal to James II who lost his Irish kingdom after his English and Scottish ones. The victory of William of Orange only reinforced the British bias in favour of the Ulster Protestants. The Protestants liked to show their loyalty to Britain through their Orange orders and apprentice boys’ marche s, a source of sectarian friction for more than three centuries. Whilst the Unionists see these as symbols of their British nationality, the Catholic communities see them as symbols of their continued rule from Britain. [10] The consequences of these events were two rival senses of nationalism developed in Ireland. There were many of the Irish population that remained overwhelmingly poor, rural and Roman Catholic wishing for independence from Britain or at least autonomy. The other form of nationalism was that centred on the Ulster Protestants that saw themselves as British and did not want independence and would only accept more autonomy if their special status were maintained. Some of these Protestants were also poor but regarded themselves as better than their Catholic peers. There was an upsurge in Irish nationalism following in the wake of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution that culminated in the rebellion of 1798. The French had done their best to cause trouble in Ireland yet proved incapable of supporting the rebellion. The failure of that rebellion led to rebels such as Wolfe Tone joining the Diaspora and the union of Ireland with Great Britain. The population of Ireland g rew rapidly especially with the introduction of the potato. The economy started to develop especially in Belfast and other parts of Ulster that produced linen and ships. Dublin and Belfast also grew to rapid urbanisation.[11] Potato blight brought famine to Ireland drastically reduced the population through starvation and immigration whilst showing the British government as inept during the crisis.[12] There have certainly been many debates around the Potato Famine, which centred on those that did not wish to become too involved in describing the consequences and the revisionists that its consequences could not be overemphasised. Perhaps one of the most important revisionist works was Cecil Woodham-Smith’s ‘The Great Hunger’ written in 1962 and tried to examine if the famine could have been averted or at least alleviated. The main debate concerns who was to blame for the famine, the British government on its own or others either singly or in various combinations.[13] The Potato Famine of 1845-47 would lead to demands for Home Rule and Land Reform whilst it also convinced Irish Catholics that the British government did not care about them. There had been earlier famines, for instance th at of 1739-41, yet none became as notorious as the one of 1845-47.[14] On balance most historians now seem to edge their bets when apportioning blame for the famine. However at the time many in Ireland blamed the British government for not acting quickly enough. Perceptions can often be more powerful than fact, the image of British indifference has been far more enduring than the countless number of British individuals that attempted to help the Irish.[15] The emigration from Ireland that followed was remarkable, between the start of the potato famine and partition four million Irish left for the United States, Australia and Britain. The Irish –American communities can assert great political influence in the United States which is why Irish Republicans, Ulster Unionists, Irish and British governments will try to influence American policy towards Ireland.[16] Concession from the British government over Land Reform were gained with relative ease which many poor labourers across the country at limited expense to absentee landlords. It was to be the campaigns for and against Home Rule that caused much controversy then much later amongst historians. Home Rule was campaigned for by Irish MPs spearheaded with great skill by Charles Stewart Parnell The Liberal governments led by Gladstone favoured Home Rule yet were unable to make headway against the Conservatives and Liberal backbenchers opposed to it or the Ulster Protestants. Home Rule caused some of Gladstone’s least successful moments. However it was the Asquith government that actually passed Home Rule legislation in the face of almost insurrectionists Unionist opposition only to have it delayed by the First World War.[17] That war saw the majority of Irish back the British war effort. However, it gave the IRA chance to launch the Easter Rising in 1916. The Easter Rising was put dow n by the British Army but gave the Irish Republican Movement martyrs.[18] The war the IRA waged using the tactics of Michael Collins forced the British government to peace talks and the partition of Ireland. The British called the IRA terrorists whilst the Republicans referred to them as freedom fighters. The IRA did not gain independence for all of Ireland just 26 counties. The Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom whilst Civil War broke out in the Irish Free State leading to the deaths of Michael Collins and Arthur Griffiths amongst others. Despite public statements to the contrary even hard-line republicans such as Eamon de Valera accepted the partition.[19] The partition of 1921 showed that neither the British or the Irish Republicans could gain total victory. The Ulster Protestants were content with having Home Rule in Northern Ireland and denying Roman Catholics their civil rights and any real political influence. The Roman Catholic minority in Northern Ireland felt let down by the Republic of Ireland for not fighting for a united Ireland and uninterested in a state they did not want to belong to and did nothing to protect their rights.[20] Despite making a claim to aim towards a united Ireland in its constitution, the Irish Republic left Northern Ireland alone. As for the Republican campaigns of the 1930’s, 1940’s and 1950’s they were ineffective. The harsh economic climate of the depression of the 1930’s did more to set off sectarian violence than radicalism.[21] The 1960’s were to witness a change of attitude amongst the nationalist and republican communities that resulted in the civil rights move ments, a violent backlash from the Unionists. The British Army was brought in to stop sectarian violence yet provided the Provincial IRA with a reason to launch a long running armed struggle. In part the civil rights movement had been encouraged by the attempted political, social and economic reforms of Northern Irish Prime Minister O’Neill, with similar aims of ending discrimination against Catholics. The events of 1969 seemed to catch all sides by surprise.[22] The emergence of the troubles in Northern Ireland did lead to a change in the historiography of Ireland. That occurred either to justify the actions of one faction against the others yet also by others as a means of explaining the conflict. Republicans justified their actions by maintaining that Irish history was dominated by the struggle to be free of British rule. They were merely carrying on the struggle that Wolfe Tone and Michael Collins had given their lives for. More moderate nationalist opinion could point to trying to achieve their objectives through peaceful means, following the sample set by the moderate campaigners for Home Rule of the previous century and the more recent civil rights movement.[23] The Unionists defended the existence of Northern Ireland arguing that it was a just and pragmatic partition of Ireland that maintained their right to remain within the United Kingdom, a right that was theirs as they were formed the majority of the Northern Irish population.[24] Another impact of the Troubles was that it led to a renewed interest in studying the Anglo-Irish War and the subsequent partition of Ireland. Republican opinion had often seen the agreement to the partition as a great betrayal rather than the IRA military leadership getting the best deal it could. However there was the opposing perspective of the British and the Ulster Unionists that partitioning Ireland had been the only viable option as neither the British nor the IRA could decisively defeat the other. Perhaps one important perspective that the Provisional IRA and Sinn Fein missed was that circumstances surrounding the Anglo-Irish War were uniquely favourable. The Easter Rising had strengthened the resolve to gain independence whilst the human and financial costs of the First World War meant that the British government did not want a long war in Ireland.[25] Therefore Irish historical debate and historiography has changed as a result of the troubles in Northern Ireland. That was partly due to different sides trying to justify their cause and to historians trying to explain the causes of the troubles and the Irish problem. As explained the roots of the Irish problem can be traced back to the first English invasions of the 12th century. Those who support the Unionist perspective emphasise the positive aspects of British involvement pointing out that Ireland would have been poorer and less civilised without it. Those that examine Irish history from a nationalist or republican perspective tend to blame the British for everything that has gone wrong in Ireland and that there would not have been an Irish problem without British interference. Traditional historical debate usually tried to argue in favour of one perspective rather than another, whilst revisionists have tried to look at all factors involved without apportioning blame or praise to any sole actor in Irish history. Some also tried to look at Irish history from a Marxist perspective. This approach has been most popular with republicans as justification for their struggle against the British. Bibliography Ardagh, J (1994) Ireland and the Irish – Portrait of a Changing Society, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, London Fitzpatrick, D (1998) The Two Irelands 1912-1939, Oxford University Press, Oxford Gardiner J Wenborn N (1995) The History Today Companion to British History, Collins Brown, London Hobsbawm E (1975) the Age of Capital 1848-1875, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London Moody T W Martin F X, (2001) The Course of Irish History, Mercier Press, Cork and Dublin Morgan K O (1989) The Oxford Mini History of Britain Volume II – The Middle Ages, Oxford University Press, Oxford Schama S (2000) A History of Britain 1 – at the edge of the world 3000 BC – 1603, BBC Worldwide, London Schama S (2001) A History of Britain 2 – The British Wars 1603 –1776, BBC Worldwide, London Stewart A T Q (2001) The Shape of Irish History, The Blackstaff Press, Belfast Footnotes [1] Moody Martin, 2001, p.95 [2] Stewart, 2001, p.26 [3] Morgan, 1989, p.24 [4] Moody Martin, 2001, p.139 [5] Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p.417 [6] Schama, 2000, p.389 [7] Moody Martin, 2001, p.139 [8] Lockyer, 1989, p.302 [9] Schama, 2001, p. 203 [10] Kennedy-Pipe 1998 p.9 [11] Hobsbawm 1975 p. 209 [12] Kinealy 1997 p. 5 [13] Kinealy, 1197, pp.6-7 [14] Stewart, 2001, p.106 [15] Stewart, 2001 p. 153 [16] Ardagh, 1994, p. 305 [17] Kennedy-Pipe, 1998 p. 13 [18] Fitzpatrick,1998 p.59 [19] Fitzpatrick 1998 p. 35 [20] Stewart, 2001 p. 174 [21] Moody Martin 2001 p. 269 [22] Kennedy – Pipe 1998 p. 37 [23] Moody Martin 2001 p. 291 [24] Gardiner Wenborn 1995 p.767 [25] Stewart 2001 p. 171

Arlington National Cemetery :: essays research papers

Arlington National Cemetery As the birds are singing their sweet melody, the terrain of Arlington National Cemetery is filled with sadness. Although the brilliant rays of sun are shinning through the thick colossal treetops, there is a chill in the air. While watching the mourners, the feeling of their sorrows is all too real. Thousands of headstones in the far distance create magnificent mazes against the horizon. The immense land has very little room to spare as it is overflowing with graves of heroic soldiers. The white marble graves are like oversized dominos stacked precisely in the thick wind ruffled grass. It is almost inconceivable to imagine each tomb is the physical eternal home to a once courageous and patriotic warrior of our homeland. As the fireball in the heavens slowly descends, it creates a glorious silhouette of the infinite number of tombstones. As you leisurely and respectfully journey through the peaceful burial ground, John F. Kennedy’s last resting place will be discovered. Watching over JFK’s grave is an eternal flame. The ever lasting flame emits a propane aroma into the calm air. As one may gaze at Kennedy’s grave, it is difficult to imagine someone would intentionally seize the life of a great leader from our nation. Continuing on, the Tomb of the Unknowns is the next stop on the journey. An extravagant white marble sarcophagus symbolizes the resting place for patriotic fighters who could not be identified during the time of war. Guarding the stunning sarcophagus are Tomb Guard sentinels. These sentinels are considered the best of the elite in the United States military. The elite soldiers stride back and forth in such a beautiful rhythmic motion that it is spectacular. A wonderful feeling is aroused knowing the brave unknown soldiers are being honored for giving their lives in a terrible time of war.

Reflect on my roles as student in the university based on Gibbs theory Essay

1.1 Introduction: Reflective practice is â€Å"the capacity to reflect on action so as to engage in a process of continuous learning†, which, according to the originator of the term, is â€Å"one of the defining characteristics of professional practice†, Schà ¶n, D. (1983) Reflective practice can be an important tool in practice-based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their own professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, may be the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. I am going to reflect on my roles as student In the university, The reflective model I have chosen to use is Gibbs model (Gibbs 1988). Graham Gibbs discussed the use of structured debriefing to facilitate the reflection involved in Kolb’s â€Å"experiential learning cycle†. He presents the stages of a full structured debriefing as follows: (Initial experience) Description: â€Å"What happened? Don’t make judgments yet or try to draw conclusions; simply describe.† Feelings: â€Å"What were your reactions and feelings? Again don’t move on to analysing these yet.† Evaluation: â€Å"What was good or bad about the experience? Make value judgements.† Analysis: â€Å"What sense can you make of the situation? Bring in ideas from outside the experience to help you.† â€Å"What was really going on?† â€Å"Were different people’s experiences similar or different in important ways?† Conclusions (general): â€Å"What can be concluded, in a general sense, from these experiences and the analyses you have undertaken?† Conclusions (specific): â€Å"What can be concluded about your own specific, unique, personal situation or way of working?† Personal action plans: â€Å"What are you going to do differently in this type of situation next time?† â€Å"What steps are you going to take on the basis of what you have learnt?† Gibbs, G. (1998), Gibbs, G. (2001). Gibbs’ suggestions are often cited as Gibbs’ reflective cycle or Gibbs’ model of reflection (1988), and simplified into the following six distinct stages: Description 1.2 Why is reflective practice so important? Reflective practice is important for everyone – and nurses in particular – for a number of reasons. First, nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families . They need to focus on their knowledge, skills and behaviour to ensure that they are able to meet the demands made on them by this commitment. Second, reflective practice is part of the requirement for nurses constantly to update professional skills. Keeping a portfolio offers considerable opportunity for reflection on ongoing development. Annual reviews enable nurses to identify strengths and areas of opportunity for future development. Third, nurses should consider the ways in which they interact and communicate with their colleagues. The profession depends on a culture of mutual support. Nurses should aim to become self-aware, self-directing and in touch with their environment . They can only achieve this goal if they make full use of opportunities to gain feedback on their impact on patients, patients’ families, their colleagues and the organization as a whole. Gaining this feedback involves using complex skills in detecting patterns, making connections, and making appropriate choices. Reflective practice enables nurses to develop their skills, increase their knowledge, and deal with emotionally challenging situations. Developing my reflective practice early on in your education will pay dividends on every clinical placement I undertake, building a strong foundation for a successful career in nursing. Developing reflective practice involves asking myself what worked, what didn’t, and what you would change for a better outcome in a particular situation. By effectively assessing my own and other’s practice, I will gain new skills and knowledge as a nurse. A vital part of the reflective process is to plan for changes in your behavior. One way to tackle this is to adopt the creative thinking strategy devised by Walt Disney. He had three stages to his strategy, based on different characters, each of which surfaced at appropriate points in the process of creating new projects. These three characters were: The Dreamer. This character looks towards ideas for the future. The main focus is on how the imagined future feels and looks. In this phase, people say: ‘I wish†¦ What if†¦? Just imagine if†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The Realist. This character is action-oriented, looking at how the dream can be turned into a practical, workable plan or project given the existing constraints and realities. The realist weighs up all the possibilities, asking: ‘How can I†¦? Have I enough time to†¦?’ The Critic. This character is very logical and looks for the whys and why nots to a given situation. The critic evaluates the plan, looking for potential problems and missing links, and says: ‘That’s not going to work because†¦ What happens when†¦?’ Effective planning of personal learning requires a synthesis of these different processes. The dreamer is needed in order to form new ideas and goals. The realist is necessary as a means of transforming these ideas into concrete expressions. The critic is necessary as a filter for refining ideas and avoiding possible problems 2.1 reflect on my roles as student in the university based on Gibbs theory: First stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection requires a description of my roles as student: Only one week before coming to Malaysia my husband and I celebrated our wedding. A wedding transforms both men and women. For whatever reason, spouses begin to talk each other for granted. It is probably because they know that will be together until death do us part. I really believe that even great marriages have terrible years, so bad that you are just tempted to give up. And do not. Hold on. There will come a time when you will look back on this moment as the prelude to something fuller and richer than you have ever experienced (from the movie â€Å"hope springs†) A relationship is like a house. When a light bulb burns out, you do not go out and buy a new house, you change the light bulb. It was very difficult for both of us (my husband and I) to start our marriage life in foreign country without any family support, learning and studying English with a lot of changes in our roles. I am now going to enter into the second stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, which is a discussion about my thoughts and feelings: As student in university I should try to respects the safety and well-being of other people in the learning experience, recognizing my knowledge, skills and abilities, limits of responsibilities, legislative authority and supervision requirements. Understanding and clarifying my roles. Use clear, accurate and effective communication skill in professional interactions, identifying my needs as student, I should try to identify my responsibility and try to improve my ability and quality of my objectives. Becomes familiar with and follows the agency’s policies, procedures and principles. On top of these I should try to cope myself with the new situation as student how live in the multicultural country with different cultures, languages, foods, climate condition, even driving direction and roles. My mother tongue is Persian then Kurdish, the educational system in Iran is very different with here for example most of the time we study Persian text, for the first time it was very difficult for me to study the English text. Evaluation is the third stage of Gibbs (1988) model of reflection and requires the reflector to with state what was good and bad about the event. By living in Malaysia I can choose more suitable education methods for myself because there are more options. The course and teaching methods are quite different from my country. Secondly, I can improve my foreign language furthermore I can contact with others. Thirdly, it helps me to promote the mutual understanding of between my mother land and other destination countries. It gives me this opportunity to exchange information with the locals. I can get better understanding of the destination countries. Similarly, the locals also can get more clear recognition about other countries. On the other hand Believing in certain values and traditions when you are in a country which has the opposite ideals, can sometimes cause stress. Being far from my country and families, trying to cope with the climate and geographical area, trying the new foods and tastes, having allergy to some of foods and products, learning English and try to communicate with other people with English language, high cost of living and studying are the most difficulties of studying in Malaysia. Stage four of Gibbs (1988) is an analysis of the event, where Gibbs encourages the reflector to make sense of the situation. When I first time came to Malaysia I have experienced the cultural shock. Just as it took time to adjust to a different culture when I arrived here. I experience these kinds of symptoms: Restlessness The coping skills and strategies that were successful help me to adjust to my host culture are: Get involved Identify a support group of other study abroad students Suspend judgment until you understand a situation Always, always keep a sense of humor Because of different in geographical area the air pressure in Malaysia is lower than Iran thus the amount of oxygen is lower. Because of these matters After 2 days of arriving to Malaysia I had a severe headache and I was extremely sleepy I try to visit a doctor, she recommend me to do regular exercise. In conclusion, stage five of the Gibbs (1988) model, I really glad to have this chance to study in Malaysia and especially in university of Malaya, gaining an incredible experience and having international friends are the most important things which I have acquired by studying in Malaysia. By living in multicultural society I have this chance to expose to other cultures and learn about them. This leads to respect to other people and adapt to each other. I learn how to improve my talents and passions. I learn to develop tolerance for everything and eventually acceptance. In general being a student in university of Malaysia help me to balance myself and cope myself with my new roles as a wife and students in the university. 3.1 Conclusion In conclusion my reflection skills have developed through the production of this assignment. Using a model of reflection has helped me to structure my thoughts and feelings appropriately. My level of awareness concerning evidence based practice, and its importance, has been enhanced with the use of critical reflection. My competence has been further developed and I now feel that my personal and professional development is progressing. Using this reflective model has helped me to realize that my learning is something which I must be proactive in. Furthermore as a student nurse I have recognized that reflection is an important learning tool in practice. I realized that Reflective practice is the process of developing new Insights through self awareness and critical reflection upon experiences both in the moment and from past experiences. Reflection is a remarkable learning tool, research methodology, and leadership strategy to gain clarity of inner beliefs and enhance the art of being present in the moment. References: Gibbs, G. (2001). Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods [monograph online]. Reproduced by the Geography Discipline Network. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford Polytechnic. London: Further Education Unit. ISBN 1-85338-071-7. Section 4.3.5 Schà ¶n, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals Think In Action, Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-06878-2.a

How to Celebrate Chinese New Years Day

How to Celebrate Chinese New Year's Day Chinese New Year is the most important and, at 15 days, the longest holiday in China. Chinese New Year begins on the first day of the lunar calendar, so it is also called Lunar New Year, and it is considered the beginning of spring, so it is also called Spring Festival. After ringing in the New Year on New Years Eve, revelers spend the first day of the Chinese New Year doing a variety of activities. Wear New Clothes Every member of the family starts the New Year off right with new clothes. From head to toe, all clothes and accessories worn on New Year’s Day should be brand new. Some families still wear traditional Chinese clothing like qipao but many families now wear regular, Western-style clothing like dresses, skirts, pants, and shirts on Chinese New Year’s Day. Many opt to wear lucky red underwear. Worship Ancestors The first stop of the day is the temple to worship ancestors and welcome the New Year. Families bring offerings of food such as fruit, dates, and candied peanuts and burn sticks of incense and stacks of paper money. Give Red Envelopes Family and friends distribute ç ´â€¦Ã¥Å'…, (hà ³ngbÄ o, red envelopes) filled with money. Married couples give red envelopes to unmarried adults and kids. Children especially look forward to receiving red envelopes which are given in lieu of gifts. Play Mahjong Mahjong (é º »Ã¥ °â€¡, m jing) is a fast-paced, four-player game played throughout the year but particularly during Chinese New Year. Learn all about mahjong  and how to play. Launch Fireworks Starting at midnight New Year’s Eve and continuing throughout the day, fireworks of all shapes and sizes are lit and launched. The tradition began with the legend of Nian, a ferocious monster that was afraid of red and loud noises. It is believed the noisy fireworks scared the monster. Now, it is believed the more fireworks and noise there are, the more luck there will be in the New Year. Avoid Taboos There are many superstitions surrounding Chinese New Year. The following activities are avoided by most Chinese on Chinese New Year’s Day: Breaking dishes bring bad luckGetting rid of trash sweeping away good fortuneScolding children signs of bad luckCrying signs of bad luckSaying inauspicious words signs of bad luckSweeping the floor bring bad luckWashing hair bring bad luck

The Mystery of Which Route Han essays

The Mystery of Which Route Han essays The achievements of Hannibal and his brilliant tactics paved the road for future generals to look at his tactics and use them. Sadly, no less than seven accounts of Hannibals operations are said to have been written during his lifetime or very soon afterwards. Two of them by Greeks who accompanied him on his march from Spain and two others were Romans who fought against him. The two main historians at odd with Hannibals route are Polybius and Livy. Polybius was a Greek historian and wrote about Hannibals journey 70 years after the event. Livy was a Roman historian and wrote about Hannibals journey 120 years after the event. One of the disagreements of Hannibals march to Rome centered around the region of the Rhone valley. Historians have argued which route Hannibal took as his army was headed to the Alps. I will analyze in this paper the different accounts of the historians and the authors and I will create my own conclusion on which The route from Cartagena to the Rhone is hardly disputed, but northwards of Avignon there is a difference of opinions by many historians. The main point of the issue is the place where Hannibal turned eastwards from the Rhone and began the last stage of his march towards Italy. Some authorities believe that the turning point was at the place where the river Drome flows into the Rhone, and also the river Aygues between Montelimar and Valence. Others believe that he turned off much farther north than this, along the valley of the Isere which enters the Rhone north of Valence. The author Cottrell, believed with the historians who felt it was the Drome that Hannibal followed. One of his main reasons why he believes this route is because in 1777, Barthelemy Daillan was digging in his cellar and found the skeleton of an elephant. With it was a copper medallion, but he used it as an ornament on his shovel. It is now lost. I...

American Reform essays

American Reform essays In the following essay based on my knowledge of history and historical data I agree that The Bill of Rights came from the fear of the power of a new government. The people did not want Congress to have all the power and become a monarchy and commit tyranny as the English did. The Bill of Rights defends there rights as men to be have freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of the press. Also for men to have the right to a fair trial. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. o One example of this was the Zenger Trials in 1735. In the Zenger Trials presented the idea of freedom of the press. John Zenger was put on trial for writing in the papers and criticizing the colonial government. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, defended him successfully and it was from then on that peoples opinions were not punished, but respected. A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. o Boston Massacre in 1770. The British brutally attacked the colonies from behind. Five people were killed and after this the colonies needed to be more prepared for attacks. o Battle of Concord and Lexington in 1775. The British tried to seize the arms of the colonists. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. o Quartering Act of 1765. Colonists were forced to allow the colonist to let the British soldiers eat and do whatever they wanted in their homes. ...

Best Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best Self - Essay Example I am also ambitious and can imagine things on my own. As far as my hobbies and pastimes are concerned, I write poetry as I believe this is something that holds a lot of value for me. I also indulge in photography and love traveling around new places and destinations. This excites me endlessly. Also reading is something that comes very naturally to me. My qualities include leadership skills, efficiency and skills to take on any job at any time. In addition, I am unselfish and take very little stress. I like to acquaint new places and explore buildings and architectures. I also have a liking for seas and water in essence. I am a firm believer of the green architecture and how this has shaped up the world in this day and age. Sunset and sunrise are some of the most significant pleasures that I derive from the different moments happening in a day. What others think of me is also important to me. My mother believes in me and she knows that I am an honest individual. She knows that I yearn for family and the relationships that hold me with all of them at all times. One of my friends (Ahmed) is a Director in a bank. He asserts that I am respectable and have a dignity of my own. He knows that I can come up with all sorts of creative ideas.

Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam Essay

Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam - Essay Example The essay "Comparative Analysis of Christianity and Islam" aims to develop a comparative analysis of the Christian and Muslim belief system or philosophies as pertains to the concept of spiritualism, and how the philosophies manifest themselves. The key questions suggested by James Sire in understanding the concept of worldview. A focus on the aspect of prime reality is important to start with. God is the prime reality for Christians while for the Muslims, it is Allah. God and Allah are perceived as the supernatural being that determines all conditions or situations that humans experience. Muslims have their prayer, referred to as Du’a, which seeks to ask Allah to heal the sick people. The prayer of Du’a can be traced from the Quran 21:83-84; the prayer of Prophet Ayyub. The verses state: â€Å"Truly distress has seized me, but You are Most Merciful of those that are merciful†. It is inscribed that the early Muslims would seek the advice of Prophet Muhammad whene ver they were sick. The prophet would thus recite one of these Du’as for them while touching the area of pain: â€Å"Oh Allah! The Sustainer of Mankind! Remove the illness, cure the disease. You are the One Who cures. There is no cure except Your cure. Grant us a cure that leaves no illness†. Christians also pray to their God to heal the sick. During the days of Jesus, he healed many people with prayer. Psalms 41:3 has the recognition of God as a healer. The verse notes: â€Å"The LORD sustains them on their sickbed and restores them from their bed of illness†.

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs Research Paper

An Analysis of the US and Australian Health Insurance Programs - Research Paper Example Many scholars have compared the two health insurance systems and found surprising data that is of concern. The statistic shows that Australia spends an average of 8.7 percent of its GDP on supporting health and this covers all residents in Australia irrespective of their employment status (Coory). The American government, on the other hand, spends 17.6% of its GDP on healthcare (CMS) and this is far much more than any industrialized country and 47 million citizens still lack health insurance while millions of others are underinsured (Mascarenhas). This is a damning statistic which asks for a deeper analysis. The second issue is that the American Medicaid program only covers those above the age of 65 while the rest have to look for alternative private health treatment (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian one covers all the individuals including the well-off in society who are entitled to subsidize medical cover with the government paying a certain percentage of it (AHS). Although the Medicaid program is available in the US to cater for the low-income earners, their exist restrictions on who is eligible for that kind of health care program. This leaves most of the population uninsured with many opting for private treatment which is costly and most are unable to afford these costs (HJK). Although there exist some strength s associated with the US Medicare program it is still way back below the Australian Medicare program that covers everyone. The strengths lie in the short waiting time for surgery patients and other patients with chronic complications (Mascarenhas). On the other hand, the Australian program has a long waiting list and this is one of its problems. Despite all, it is better to wait for a long time and be served than to be completely denied the service. The greatest strength in the Australian program is affordability and access and this is lacking in the American programs (DHAC).

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character Analysis - Essay Example The motivations that drive mama to extreme lengths are her dreams and also the family struggles. Also, the idea of his son Walter struggles to attain his goals are what motivates her immensely. Her main concern was to help Walter’s marriage. She gets determined to ensure Walter’s marriage was successful and that he paid more attention to his wife. Mama wanted Walter to see the benefits of holding a family together while striving to achieve his goal (Hansberry 6). Her dreams from the play are not about herself but for her entire family’s future generations. From the play, she states that, †¦ â€Å"Big Walter used to comment, †¦ lean his head back with the water standing right in his eyes and say, ‘ it seems like God did not see it fit to give the black man not anything but dreams, †¦ but He gave us kids to make them dreams seem real† (Hansberry 14). Mamma places a down payment on a house for the entire family. She seems to believe that a large brighter residence will help all of them. The house is in Clybourne Park, an exclusively white neighborhood. When the neighbors (Younger’s future neighbors) realize they are moving in, they send a member of the Clybourne Park Association to offer the Younger’s money not to move in the neighborhood. Mama’s plant is a symbol for the vision of her dream. ... She constantly reminds the family of the benefits of family and history. She also makes the economic decisions of the family. This is visible when she holds the check book. Mama also wants her children to be religious and strict on that. She gets annoyed when her daughter Beneatha, claims that God has nothing to do with her ambition of being a doctor. Mama smacks her and makes her repeat the words, â€Å"In my mom’s house, there is God† (Hansberry 12). Mama is in conflict with Walter. This is because he could not be able to achieve his dream. According to Mama, â€Å"†¦ a fine man, but just could not catch up with his dreams †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). He could not achieve the dream of schooling his children. This is all because of Walters foolish business dealings with Wily Harris. Walter and Beneatha fights with Mamas conservative protestant ethics. She does not accept Walter’s business plan because she disapproves liquor selling. She states, â€Å"â € ¦ whether they drink it or never drink it is none of my business. But whether I enter into the business of selling it to them is†¦ do not want that in my ledger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). She also puts Beneatha in the notice of her moral conviction. When Beneatha claims that God is just an idea she does not believe in, she gets slapped across the face by Mama. This sends a clear message to her that atheism will not be accepted in her house. She also confronts Beneatha when she victimizes her brother for her decisions gets confronted by her mother, who makes it clear to her, that is during the difficult times that her brother needs the family love and support. Despite her conflicts with the family, she loves her children and is kind to them. Her enduring care

Trangle Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trangle - Article Example This I did by surveying the type of motor they were using and the problems faced in its operations. I finally completed my sales pitch my emphasising on my personal reputation. I provided links of clients to whom I have sold the motors; emphasised how I go the extra mile to ensure proper after sales service even though it was not my job. Thus I used ethos in order to sell electric motors. To use logos we might cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies and try to appeal to the good sense of the listener. An example of where a logo has been used by me was the Green Peace fund collection campaign. People are generally reluctant to give their hard earned money ; so I had to start by explaining to them the danger our environment is presently in ; I cited figures and logical arguments which told them the harm that global warming had done and how our children are sure to inherit a bleak future. By doing this; the good sense of the listener was persuaded and I tried to make him do something for the environment in which he lives. Pathos is usually an emotional appeal where we try to invoke sympathy, anger or any other emotion of the audiences. Pathos is used regularly by me in trying to get a girl to go out with menthe general strategy is to get a lot of sympathy from the girl whom I like so that she goes out on a date. Once a feeling of pity or sympathy comes; the girl finds it difficult to say no to a date. Logos and Ethos will not be as effective in this situation as an emotional appeal

History of Junior High Schools in America Essay

History of Junior High Schools in America - Essay Example In terms of purpose, students of ten to fifteen years are referred with the term of middle years in pedagogical manner. Meanwhile organizational structure leveling of classes six to ten in a separate school is often referred with the middle schooling. In this regard, different aspects of junior high schooling will be focused in this paper. Usually, middle or junior high schools are separated from rest of the classes of school, which does not include separation from the school campus. In middle schooling, relationship of teachers and students is enhanced, and different teaching teams are established for the better performance in the high schools. Curriculum plays an important role in the middle schooling, as integrated and negotiated form of the curriculum is devised during the middle schooling. Moreover, different learning tasks are assessed with the utilization of authentic measures. While the application of middle schooling philosophy is possible for the teachers in the context of secondary schooling, it is very difficult to sustain or widespread such examples. Consequently, broader reforms for the implementation of more sustainable philosophy of schooling are linked with the term of middle school. ... History One hundred years ago, the United States witnessed a wave of interests around reforms, which originated the concept of Junior High Schools in the country. Initially, fundamental, pedagogical, organizational, and curriculum outcomes were promised by the progressive reformers who promoted the abovementioned concept of schooling in the country, in order to resolve serious national problems at that time. A coalition of diverse reformers produced an indefinite mission that was related to a number of agendas and interests of these reformers, which turned out to be innovation of junior high schools. In other words, the junior high schools provided an image of implementation of hopes of the reformers and educators that had different and diverse interests and requirements. (Beane, 2005) It is quite impossible for the paper to highlight the appearance of junior high schools in the United States with the in-depth exploration of complexities that were confronted at that time. However, recent developments of current middle schooling in the United States will be focused to understand the status of junior high schools in the country. Two versions are observed in the history of junior high schools in the United States. Firstly, developmental needs of adolescences and provision of teacher training were the specific objectives of junior high schooling in the country. Secondly, an integrated process of learning was provided to the students; while demographic and economic influences kept the students sensitive to the middle schooling reforms. (Comber, 2006) In brief, middle schooling or junior high schooling was criticized by the second version of the history, and therefore, the

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Character Analysis - Essay Example The motivations that drive mama to extreme lengths are her dreams and also the family struggles. Also, the idea of his son Walter struggles to attain his goals are what motivates her immensely. Her main concern was to help Walter’s marriage. She gets determined to ensure Walter’s marriage was successful and that he paid more attention to his wife. Mama wanted Walter to see the benefits of holding a family together while striving to achieve his goal (Hansberry 6). Her dreams from the play are not about herself but for her entire family’s future generations. From the play, she states that, †¦ â€Å"Big Walter used to comment, †¦ lean his head back with the water standing right in his eyes and say, ‘ it seems like God did not see it fit to give the black man not anything but dreams, †¦ but He gave us kids to make them dreams seem real† (Hansberry 14). Mamma places a down payment on a house for the entire family. She seems to believe that a large brighter residence will help all of them. The house is in Clybourne Park, an exclusively white neighborhood. When the neighbors (Younger’s future neighbors) realize they are moving in, they send a member of the Clybourne Park Association to offer the Younger’s money not to move in the neighborhood. Mama’s plant is a symbol for the vision of her dream. ... She constantly reminds the family of the benefits of family and history. She also makes the economic decisions of the family. This is visible when she holds the check book. Mama also wants her children to be religious and strict on that. She gets annoyed when her daughter Beneatha, claims that God has nothing to do with her ambition of being a doctor. Mama smacks her and makes her repeat the words, â€Å"In my mom’s house, there is God† (Hansberry 12). Mama is in conflict with Walter. This is because he could not be able to achieve his dream. According to Mama, â€Å"†¦ a fine man, but just could not catch up with his dreams †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). He could not achieve the dream of schooling his children. This is all because of Walters foolish business dealings with Wily Harris. Walter and Beneatha fights with Mamas conservative protestant ethics. She does not accept Walter’s business plan because she disapproves liquor selling. She states, â€Å"â € ¦ whether they drink it or never drink it is none of my business. But whether I enter into the business of selling it to them is†¦ do not want that in my ledger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansberry 18). She also puts Beneatha in the notice of her moral conviction. When Beneatha claims that God is just an idea she does not believe in, she gets slapped across the face by Mama. This sends a clear message to her that atheism will not be accepted in her house. She also confronts Beneatha when she victimizes her brother for her decisions gets confronted by her mother, who makes it clear to her, that is during the difficult times that her brother needs the family love and support. Despite her conflicts with the family, she loves her children and is kind to them. Her enduring care

History of Junior High Schools in America Essay

History of Junior High Schools in America - Essay Example In terms of purpose, students of ten to fifteen years are referred with the term of middle years in pedagogical manner. Meanwhile organizational structure leveling of classes six to ten in a separate school is often referred with the middle schooling. In this regard, different aspects of junior high schooling will be focused in this paper. Usually, middle or junior high schools are separated from rest of the classes of school, which does not include separation from the school campus. In middle schooling, relationship of teachers and students is enhanced, and different teaching teams are established for the better performance in the high schools. Curriculum plays an important role in the middle schooling, as integrated and negotiated form of the curriculum is devised during the middle schooling. Moreover, different learning tasks are assessed with the utilization of authentic measures. While the application of middle schooling philosophy is possible for the teachers in the context of secondary schooling, it is very difficult to sustain or widespread such examples. Consequently, broader reforms for the implementation of more sustainable philosophy of schooling are linked with the term of middle school. ... History One hundred years ago, the United States witnessed a wave of interests around reforms, which originated the concept of Junior High Schools in the country. Initially, fundamental, pedagogical, organizational, and curriculum outcomes were promised by the progressive reformers who promoted the abovementioned concept of schooling in the country, in order to resolve serious national problems at that time. A coalition of diverse reformers produced an indefinite mission that was related to a number of agendas and interests of these reformers, which turned out to be innovation of junior high schools. In other words, the junior high schools provided an image of implementation of hopes of the reformers and educators that had different and diverse interests and requirements. (Beane, 2005) It is quite impossible for the paper to highlight the appearance of junior high schools in the United States with the in-depth exploration of complexities that were confronted at that time. However, recent developments of current middle schooling in the United States will be focused to understand the status of junior high schools in the country. Two versions are observed in the history of junior high schools in the United States. Firstly, developmental needs of adolescences and provision of teacher training were the specific objectives of junior high schooling in the country. Secondly, an integrated process of learning was provided to the students; while demographic and economic influences kept the students sensitive to the middle schooling reforms. (Comber, 2006) In brief, middle schooling or junior high schooling was criticized by the second version of the history, and therefore, the

Organizational Behavior, Terminology and Concept Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior, Terminology and Concept Essay Various types of business are characterized by industry groupings, target clients and the line of services to achieve the tangible market value. The growth of industries is brought about by the significant change of consumer needs, transition of labor forces, commodity supply and emerging market modalities. This development poses the challenge to diversify the â€Å"business line†, in which the process involves organizational innovation as a â€Å"makeover† of getting in to a trendy business environment. This paper will discuss the organizational character to the type of a client-based services relating to hotel business. The Radisson As an overview, we have selected the Radisson Hotels and Resorts as the term of reference in discussing the topic on organizational behavior, terminology and concept. To cite a brief background, the Radisson is one of the world’s finest traveler’s hubs that cater the services of 395 hotels and resort franchises in 65 countries. Based on its business profile, the Radisson commits to â€Å"revolutionize† strategic operations, franchising, use of technology, sales and marketing, to achieve effective and competitive business enterprise (The Radisson, 2008). Organizational behavior The term â€Å"organizational behavior† refers to interactions of people within an organization. The interaction relate to the system of management and style of leadership focus at achieving the vision, mission and goals of the organization. To correlate, the Radisson has its structured â€Å"executive leadership† functions, such as (1) managing out-country or international franchising, (2) in-country management, and (3) specialized hotel management. Meaning, the executive leadership has its compartmentalized operational focus for its vision, mission and goals of â€Å"expanding global presence† (The Radisson, 2008). Organizational culture The â€Å"organizational culture† is also called as â€Å"corporate personality† that describes the character of an organization. This character is aligned or positioned to gaining the competitive edge of business, in a way the â€Å"projection† of business values is reflective of the quality of services from assimilating individual skills. This could be best exemplified by Radisson’s corporate framework on â€Å"service deluxe†, wherein the company generates proficient employees being strictly trained for efficient and effective guest-service that made the â€Å"corporate brand† for Radisson. Diversity A multi-cultural-racial working environment is defined as a workplace of diverse technical skills, talents, ethnicity, gender and beliefs. Thus, the diversity is an assimilating organizational strength when developed towards the company’s perspectives, in which the â€Å"inert† nature of diversity is motivated by focusing on human development. As cited, the Radisson’s human development framework focuses on workforce diversity by establishing a â€Å"multicultural development center† for employees to enhance self-confidence, promote dignity of labor, uphold equal treatment and respect, fair labor practices, increase sensible communication skills, and internalize business values. On the other hand, the employees are provided with comprehensive welfare and benefits aside from above industry-standard salary rates (according to position level and tenure of employment) productivity incentives and substantial pension plans (The Radisson, 2008). Communication The aspect of communication within an organization is crucial because it expresses or conveys the â€Å"life† of achieving the vision, mission and goals. Communication is patterned within the â€Å"structural system† of organization as an integral part of interpersonal interactions and establishing of common objectives or synergy. As mentioned above, the Radisson has critical focus on the diversity of workforce through human development framework and created the multicultural development center. One that can exemplify organizational communication is Radissons multicultural development centers innovative training component which consistently provide a â€Å"corporate forum† that is work-centered and employee-focused in order to further develop organizational sensitivity and responsiveness. Business ethics It says that business ethics is the business value. In other words, doing business must conform with the ethical standards or implementing judicious business practices that depicts a healthy organization. However, it may not only the â€Å"center† of business that is judiciously undertaken but harnessing the values of corporate responsibility, thus, reaching out the overall source of business. This kind of business ethics through rekindling corporate responsibility could be cited from Radissons â€Å"tradition of service through volunteerism and philanthropy to community causes†, such as the World Childhood Foundation was created as a global charity organization for child-victims of abuse (The Radisson, 2008). Change management According to Change Consulting, the change management is aim to implementing effective organizational method and system. To cite, the â€Å"change† is to control the flow of management that is exemplified by re-structuring the organization from top to bottom level of personnel, in which the process is also referred to as â€Å"streamlining† or revamp of workforce in line with the innovative implementation of programs or operations (Nickols, 2006). As change management is essentially characterized by â€Å"organizational restructuring† correlating to make effective the performance of business, the Radissons diversified business operation is perceived to be adopting the process of change management as it continue to innovate the â€Å"business culture† of efficient service and indicative of its vision, mission and goals for â€Å"expanding global presence†. Conclusion The contemporary transitions of industry trends pattern the organizational performance.  Several archetypes of enterprises have found to be encouraged by a holistic approach of assimilating the business venture with communities. Like Radisson, the process of diversified venture has dwell on developing the diverse workforce as one of its corporate responsibilities. Todays diversified businesses keep abreast to the development of global economies and societies in order to benchmark the performance of market values. However, the market values may not be beneficial to the overall perspectives of consumerism without the incentives of social response from the business sector. Thus, corporate governance is found to be essential as a â€Å"social investment† to the welfare of consumers, aside from the direct-service patronage. It may be then said that the overall discussions depicted in this paper is a pretext to the basic processes of organizational effectiveness that may draw impact to the industry and transformative values in the life of the organization towards a dynamically efficient workforce and socially secured workplace.

The Impact Of Education

The Impact Of Education Every year the Mauritian Government devotes an increasingly large share of its budget to the development of the education sector. The reason for such an increase in government investment in education lies in the belief that education has a direct impact on the economic growth of the country. In most developing countries, like Mauritius for example, education is regarded as a powerful instrument for reducing poverty and removing social and income inequalities, improving economic growth and standards of living, and helping the country to reinforce its autonomy. Appiah and McMahon (2002), Burneth et al. (1995) and others suggest that education also has some positive indirect effects such as increasing longevity, improving democratization and political stability, and reducing poverty and crimes. Education is considered as an investment in human capital. Human capital can be described as the knowledge, abilities and skills of an individual, acquired through education, training and experience, which help the latter to be more productive and thus improve his potential income earning. Ismael (1998), Becker (1964) and Mincer (1974) have emphasized on the fact that, by investing in human beings, we will gain from some forms of benefits in the future. However, Blankneau and Simpson (2004) find no clear evidence on the link between government spending on education and economic growth. Human capital is one of the most important components of sustainable economic development of a country as illustrated by Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990) in their new growth literature. The expanded neoclassical growth model developed by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (MRW) (1992) and the endogenous growth models developed by Lucas (1988), Romer (1990), Barro (1990) and others have only recently stressed on the importance of human capital in growth theories. Even though human capital incorporates health, experience, skills, education and other social factors, in this paper we will concentrate only on the role of education and its effects on the economic development of Mauritius. One problem that arises is when dealing with the measurement of human capital. In fact, there is no agreed definition of which proxy should be used to represent human capital. Generally, the average number of years of schooling has long been seen as a convenient proxy. Some researchers, for example, Mankiw et al. (1992) use secondary enrollment as proxy for education and Barro (1998) uses enrollment in different levels of education, i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary, and also enrollment by gender as proxies. In our study we will be using the average number of years of different schooling levels as proxies for education. Petrakis and Stamatakis (2002) have stressed on the fact that each different level of education has different impact on growth. For example, they find that the effect of primary and secondary education on the economic growth of developing countries is more significant than that of tertiary education, and for developed countries it is the reverse situation that takes place. Since it improves human capital, we could say that education does affect economic growth predominantly, but actually, the impact of education on the economic development is quite ambiguous. There were countless debates over the years by researchers over whether education has a positive, negative or no relationship at all with the economic growth of a country. Barro (1991) finds that education has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. He observes that any rise in enrollment rate, raises GDP too. De Meulmester and Rochet (1995) provide evidence that this relationship may not always be true. Devarajan et al. (1996) find that education has a negative impact on economic growth for some developing countries. They deduce that developing countries are not productive at the margin because these countries do not fairly allocate their public capital expenditure and this explains the opposing relationship between education and economic growth. Some other researchers, such as Hanu shek and Woessmann (2007), find that it is in fact the quality of education that promotes economic development and not the quantity of schooling or schooling attainment. They observe that the skills of the population directly affect the distribution of income and economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of education on the economic growth of Mauritius. 2.1 Effects of Education Education is a never ending process and as said in a famous diction, Education starts from the womb and ends in the tomb. Education benefits the society by helping to increase economic growth, reducing poverty, reducing crimes, increasing employment etc and also helps the individual to earn higher income and therefore improves the latters living standard. The figure below gives a rà ©sumà © of the effects of education at the micro and macro levels. Source: Michaelowa, Katharina. (2000) Returns to Education in Low Income Countries: Evidence for Africa. The above diagram shows the micro and macro effects of education. There are irrefutable evidences that connect education to economic growth and education in form of human capital boosting productivity. Education is in fact productivity-enhancing. It is said that a person without basic literacy and numeracy skills have many difficulties in completing basic tasks of everyday life, which therefore shows the importance of education. Education affects the growth of the economy in various ways. We here discuss the direct effects of education. Education is said to be connected to the notion of empowerment. Individuals with a certain level of higher education not only have good job with interesting wages but also augment productivity of the economy. Some studies have shown that GDP per capita rises by 1 to 3 percentage points following a 1 percentage point increase in school enrollment rates. Therefore, education is said to increase individuals wages along with the augmentation of productivity and finally GDP per capita. Here we discuss indirect effects of education. According to Glewwe (1999), Schultz (1993), Hobcraft (1993), and Thomas, Strauss and Henriques (1991) mothers schooling have indirect positive effects on the economy. It is said that an additional year of mothers schooling will induce the child to be in a better health and encourage them to learn which will eventually increase their chances to be a productive person in the future and affect the economy positively. Furthermore, educated individuals are more likely to be aware about family planning and this will ultimately reduce childbirth. This results in families having more or less 1 to 2 children, that is, a smaller family where more time is dedicated to the childrens education. This attention in return motivates the children to be more motivated at school and have better results. These children are thus encouraged to pursue their education to higher levels. Moreover, educated workers are more likely to adapt to new technology and new working techniques easier than illiterate workers. It is also said that an educated workforce is more productive than an uneducated workforce, that is, the return of an educated worker is higher compared to that of an uneducated one. Higher returns have a positive impact on the economic growth. Michaelowa (2000) uses the example of an educated farmer who uses new agricultural techniques to produce goods. Through education, the farmer will acquire the knowledge and skills required to use these new agricultural techniques and therefore he will be more productive compared to other farmers who are still using traditional techniques. The other farmers in the neighborhoods will tend to do the same in order to achieve higher profits, so this causes both the farmer and the neighbors to have higher returns and in turn increases GDP per capita. Mincer (1974) says that there is a relationship between education and individual earnings which in turn produce private returns. The Mincerian equation helps to differentiate between the different levels of education and distinguish their effects on the economy. He also claims that an additional year of schooling will lead to higher private returns. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Ramsey (1928), Solow (1956), Swan (1956), Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1965) among others developed the neoclassical model of economic growth. In his model, Solow (1956) claimed that two important factors determined growth, namely the quantity of labor and the capital stock. The neoclassical model assumes diminishing returns to capital and labour independently, and the input-output ratio is determined by exogenous technological factors. This model does not take into account the effects of factors such as human capital, health etc on the economic development. In fact, Schulz (1961) proved that labor and capital did not explain completely the increase in output and Lucas (1988) pointed out that investment in human capital is one of the main determinants of economic development. Moreover, in order to offset the adverse effects of diminishing returns, thus allowing the economy to grow, the neoclassical model suggests that the country must invest heavily in technology. In theory, this is one of the reasons why low-income countries with low ratios of capital to labor are likely to grow faster than rich countries. But empirical results have shown some inconsistencies with this hypothesis as demonstrated by Summers and Heston (1988). Later, Lucas (1988), Romer (1990), Barro (1991) and others developed the endogenous growth models in order to overcome the shortcomings of the neoclassical growth models. In the endogenous growth model, exogenous technological progress does not affect steady growth. This model introduces human capital as an input in the form of effective labor and implies that the accumulation of human capital directly affects labour productivity. The main difference between effective labour and physical labour lies in the fact that the former is calculated by taking into account labour quality such as educational level, training and skills. Both Lucas (1998) and Romer (1990) have used agents to represent the effects of human capital in their models respectively. According to Romer (1990), human capital is the decisive input that generates new products and technology in the Research Development sector and therefore this implies that countries with high levels of human capital stocks will grow faster due to the more rapid development of new products and technology generated by them. Lucas (1988) incorporates human capital in his model and claims that the accumulation of human capital will enhance productivity of other factors and thus will boost economic growth. He also affirms that never-ending increases in human capital will result in never-ending economic growth. In his model, human capital is a measure of abilities and skills used in production by a worker. However, Grossman and Helpman (1994) state that it is some form of knowledge which can eventually cause never-ending growth, not human capital. Schultz (1999) outlines the importance of human capital through education and health in determining economic growth. He insists that education increases both peoples awareness and their investments on health services, and also healthy people tend to be more efficient and therefore more productive. 2.3 Empirical Evidence Barro (1991) finds that education and economic growth are highly correlated. He uses enrollment rate as a proxy for education and per capita GDP as a proxy for economic growth. Data are collected across more than 100 countries during the years 1960 to 1990 and Barro finds that each additional year of enrollment increases per capita GDP. Bils and Klenow (2000) also come across similar results in their research. They find that variation in schooling explains approximately one third of the variation in economic growth. Although Bils and Klenow (2000) provide evidence of the positive relationship between education and economic development, they also claim that more growth could result in more education and not the opposite, i.e. there is a reverse causation effect. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) use cross-country data made up of 90 countries over the time span 1965-1985. They employ the AK framework, which displays constant return to capital as it assumes that the other elements (labor and technology) that determine GDP grow proportionately with capital. In other words, each increase in capital increases output correspondingly. Their results indicate strong positive relationship on the long-run between average GDP per capita and the level of educational attainment, terms of trade and life expectancy. However, some researchers claim that the type of regressions performed by Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) may be subject to reverse causation effect as stated before. For example, a rise in GDP could increase investment in education as the economy develops. Such type of results will have great influence on our research as we want to study the impact of education on the economic growth and not the reverse. Akcabelen (2009) uses the ARDL approach to determine the short-run and long-run effects of different levels of education on Turkeys economic development. Secondary enrollment and tertiary enrollment are used as different proxies for education and this enables us to examine the impact of each level of education on the economic growth. Akcabelen concludes that there is positive correlation between all levels of education and the long-run economic development of Turkey. Loening (2002) uses time-series data from 1951 to 2000 and applies the error-correction methodology to analyze the impact of education on the economic growth of Guatemala. He observes that output per worker increases by 0.16 percent following a 1 percent rise in the average years of schooling. So he agrees on the fact that education does have a positive impact on the overall economic development of the country. Afzal et al. (2010) use time series data from 1970-2009 to analyze the relationship between education, physical capital, inflation, poverty and economic growth in Pakistan. According to their findings, education and physical capital have both a positive and considerable effect on economic growth in the short-run as well as in the long-run. They also find that inflation slows down economic growth in the long-run and poverty has no effect at all on the economic development of Pakistan. Other researchers, such as Kakar et al. (2011), have used time series data for the time span 1980-2009 and apply the Error Correction Model (ECM) and come to the conclusion that education influences Pakistans economic development only in the long-run. They also observe that the quality of education is more important than the quantity of education in achieving economic growth, so the government should increase its investment in education with the aim of enhancing the quality of education further. Since Mauritius is part of Africa, it is also good to see the results of researches conducted in other African countries. Fonkeng and Ntembe (2009) use enrollment and GDP as proxies for education and economic development and they notice that education at higher level, i.e. at tertiary level, is positively correlated with economic growth of Cameroon. Musila and Belassi (2004) use government expenditure on education as proxy for education for the years 1965 to 1999. They apply the cointegration and the ECM methods and find that there is positive correlation between average workers expenditure on education and the economic growth of Uganda. Ndiyo (2007) uses time series data from 1970 to 2000 on real education expenditure, real capital formation and GDP, and employs the VAR technique. Based on the results obtained after computations, Ndiyo (2007) demonstrates that education does not have a positive effect on the economic development of Nigeria. He suggests that this result can be explai ned by various factors such as labor market distortions, redundancy, brain drain, industrial disputes and job discontinuities, and government failure etc. Khorasgani (2008) analyses the impact of higher education on Irans economic development for the period 1959 to 2005. The proxies used for human capital are education attainment and research expenditures. Khorasgani (2008) uses the Cobb-Douglas production function together with the ARDL method to determine the short-run and long-run effects of higher education on the economic growth. The study demonstrates that real output increases by 0.314 percent in the long run and 0.198 percent in the short run following a 1 percent increase in higher education attainment. Hence, higher education has a positive and significant impact on the economic development of Iran. .

1952 :: 1950s

1952 In 1954, many barriers were broken that made this a year of success. One of the major achievements is the cure for Polio being discovered which saved many lives and made the disease extinct. Other successes include the revolution of music and the birth of Rock & Roll. Other achievements this year were the invention of the first 2-seated sports car, the corvette, and the beginning of the Sports Illustrated magazine. During this year, RCA also produced the first color television where families could watch shows such as the Nelsons and the Show of Shows. Swanson also made the first TV dinners that families ate while they watched TV. One of the major barriers that were broken was the invention of the hydrogen bomb and when it was released, it was noted to be the biggest bomb to ever be set off. The United States conducted a full scale, successful experiment with a fusion device in 1952, which produced an explosion equivalent to several megatons (million tons) of chemical explosive. In 19 54, the United States detonated a fusion bomb with a power of 15 megatons instead of the expected 7 megatons. It created a glowing fireball more than 4.8 km (more than 3 miles) in diameter, and a huge mushroom cloud that quickly rose into the stratosphere. The hydrogen bomb was tested in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The bomb was said to be over 500 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, giving the United States the technology to produce a bomb capable of razing any of the world’s largest cities. The hydrogen bomb created a fireball that was made up of extremely hot mass and went off in a nuclear explosion. A flash of heat radiation was emitted from the fireball and began to spread out over a large area. The radiation was able to cause flash burns on exposed skin. Besides the blast and heat, the exploding nuclear bomb was able to release a penetrating nuclear radiation. The nuclear radiation was able to cause serious injury to the islands surrounding the Marshall Islands. The radiation was effecting the near by natives when it was absorbed into the body of people. With the invention of the hydrogen bomb, ‘the nuclear/atomic age’ evolved and gave the United States the technology it needed to become the superior nation it is today.

The Soliloquies of Shakespeares Hamlet - To be or not to be Soliloquy

The â€Å"To be or not to be† Soliloquy of Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Does the hero in Shakespeare’s Hamlet deliver a soliloquy that does not fit the dramatic context? Does the soliloquy suggest that suicide is imminent? This essay proposes to answer these and other questions relevant to the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy.    Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the most famous of soliloquies as involving an â€Å"eternal dilemma†:      The problem of time’s discrediting effects upon human actions and intentions is what makes Hamlet’s â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy eternal dilemma rather than fulfilled dialectic. Faced with   the uncertainty of any action, an uncertainty that extends even to the afterlife, Hamlet, too, finds the â€Å"wick or snuff† of which Claudius speaks: â€Å"Thus conscience† – by which Hamlet means, I take it, not only scruples but all thoughts concerning the future –    does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment, With this regard, their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. – (III.i.83). (75)    Considering the context of this most notable soliloquy, the speech appears to be a reaction from the determination which ended the â€Å"rogue and peasant slave† soliloquy. In fact, in the Quarto of 1603 the â€Å"To be† speech comes BEFORE the players’ scene and the nunnery scene – and is thus more logically positioned to show its emotional connection to the previous soliloquy (Nevo 46). Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes just how close the hero is to suicide while reciting his famous soliloquy:      Hamlet enters, desperate enough b... ... Levin, Harry. â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Question of Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.    Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html

Monday Morning Leadership: 8 Mentoring Sessions You Can’t Afford to Miss Essay

Monday Morning Leadership Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For any business to thrive there ought to be a stable management. Jeff, a business manager is experiencing numerous problems at his institution since things seem to be falling apart; hence, the company is at the brink of collapsing (Cottrell 9). In order to maintain his business, Jeff decides to seek the assistance of Tony who not only a mentor but also a speaker who is sought by many people. Tony agrees to help him but only after agreeing with certain conditions. Apart from spending a period of eight weeks with him, Tony also asks Jeff to share the information he will acquire in the problem. This is because Jeff’s problems are not tailor-made, hence, other people can also learn from these insights. For instance, in the first Monday, Jeff was asked to always tell the truth in addition to trying something different as well as starting and finishing all tasks on time (Cottrell 17). The study intends to address Tony’s Monday Mor ning Leadership skills in addition to lessons learnt and how they benefit me individually. The First Monday   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On this day, Jeff starts by lamenting some of the problems he is undergoing in his place of work. According to Jeff, business was getting tougher every single day. Although most of his team was intact, there are many issues being ignored and this is directly affecting performance. After hearing this lament, Tony states that challenges are inevitable. However, in order to overcome challenges, it is essential that one seek the assistance from third parties. According to Tony, advice from professionals is essential since they â€Å"†¦help us look at situations from a different perspective†¦ (Cottrell 19)† On this particular day, Tony comes up with a number of lessons for Jeff. For instance, managers need to create good relation with their teams not by free dinners and drinks but through maintaining fairness, consistency and empathy. Similarly, in order to maintain good leadership skills, it is essential that one takes the lea d by being the driver and not a passenger. According to Tony, by taking the role of a driver, managers have no option but to lose some of the freedoms that they used to enjoy in the past (Cottrell 21).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Jeff, although he was spending many hours working, business indicators were always showing signs of collapse. This resulted to lots of frustrations for not only the business but also his team members who were always looking up to him for guidance and moral support. These lessons have been quite beneficial to Jeff and his role as a manager. This is because they have enabled him change the manner in which he treats his employees. For instance, instead of free dinners, he ought to maintain fairness and consistency. These lessons have been quite influential to me since they have enabled me reevaluate myself on the manner in which I ought to conduct myself in order to a achieve business success. Just like, Jeff, my business was at the brink of collapsing. However, through Tony’s insights, I have been able to reevaluate the manner in which to manage my business. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first lesson, Tony starts by claiming that challenges are inevitable in any business. However, the only way to embrace these challenges is by seeking the assistance of third parties. These third parties ought to be professionals who are skilled with issues related to business management. Advice from professionals is important since it results to business improvement. This is because professionals help us in observing situations from different perspectives. These lessons have been beneficial to me as well since through them I have been able to improve my business management skills. These skills are essential not only at present time but also in the future. References Cottrell, David. Monday Morning Leadership: 8 Mentoring Sessions You Can’t Afford to Miss. Dallas, Tex: CornerStone Leadership Institute, 2002. Print. Source document

Territory and borders are increasingly irrelevant in todays global economy

The natural way we imagine the concept of territory and borders is through a nation state, since defining one is a bit of a tricky task but for our purposes, a nation state can be defined as one which has a functioning centralised government put in place that possesses the ability to exercise authority over a distinctive territory. Unless you’re over the age sixty you've only ever known a world of nation states. Nationhood and empire have long been the dominant way we’ve organized ourselves economically, politically and socially or at least the way that other people have organized us, the ottomans to former Soviet Union and the United States are great examples, but the global market exceeds that level of influence or with no fixed borders. The shrinking world concept best describes the globalisation process with regional integration, plus increasing transborder flows, put a big question mark on the importance of state sovereignty and territorial borders with more Internationalisation taking place. However in the mitts of this global downturn state sovereignty and territorial borders have taken resurgence in importance so liberalisation that took place in the boom years is now being met with serious criticism. Quote by The Economist ‘The world became as tightly linked, economically, as it had ever been. It makes perfect sense that a downturn anywhere would become a downturn everywhere. Previously Borders were becoming less of significant issue in Europe, since the European Union was established back in 1957 with six original member’s states which now include nineteen more in this economic and political union centralised in Brussels. The ability of free movement of EU citizens between member states plus the easy transfer of goods to trade in 27 economies with lower taxation are obvious incentives to join, however with the decision making coming from one centralised location by imposing polices that have not been produced and approved by individual states means the ability of those individual representatives have a tougher time in truly representing the interest of their people, this would be more challenging for minority members to get a equal say so as more established members. By trying to get rid of these barriers contributed unintentionally to internal divisions, resulting in stronger claim of peripheral borders. Events such as the ones which occurred in the Arab world have contributed to an already tense situation with patrols in the Mediterranean built up now titling Europe Fortress Europe. Only the India- Pakistan, the Senkaku Islands conflict and Cambodia-Thailand probably the most blatant incidences of the frequent significance of borders. The contrast effects globalisation can have on two different nation states, the tiny Mediterranean state of Monaco smallest country in the world after Vatican City to Ethiopia 27th largest country in the are complete polar opposites. Monaco being is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. ‘The principality also is a major banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries’. So will argue Ethiopia's economy on the reliant on agricultural employing eighty five percent of its workforce which suffers from poor farming practices and regular occurring droughts which is made worst their borders is being compromised by the participation in transnational agency by the effects of the enhanced green house effect. So the size of territory is insignificant Monaco knowing already that’s it’s at a disadvantage due to size with no recognised natural resources has specialized itself into a service based sectors employing 95% of its workforce which has a better compatibility with today’s globalized world. A viewpoint which you receive might come from someone with a more nationalistic that says that the significant of territory and borders are more important to today than at any other period in time, you may point out the significant GDP and wealth destructions difference between Monaco and Ethiopia as a clear winner in the discussion but Monaco role and the activi ties it plays in the global market place leave it quite vulnerable. ‘The dependence on its service sector in areas such as banking and tourism for its economic growth and stability has left it quite vulnerable to a downturn experienced in neighbouring France and other European economies which are the principality’s main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco’s GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 with GDP growth of 2.5%, but Monaco’s economic prospects remain clouded in uncertainty tied to future euro-zone growth. Weak economic growth also has deteriorated public finances as the principality recorded a budget deficit of 1.9% of GDP in 2010. Ethiopia may not have the same ability to generate has a power presence in human history with all three abrahamic faiths origins begin here so more integrated westernized Ethiopia would be a sad lost for mankind so it will come down to what you value. To conclude on the whole, the sovereignty or the ability of nation states to uphold power and influence in its own recognised territory is deteriorating everyday in order to keep their economic stability and a competitive nature since it needs to open their markets due to globalisation. But the idea of the nation state has come under some questioning as of late some have actually questioned the nation state of ever being previously completely economically independent as false. It’s difficult to finger out an answer but I would say globalisation hasn’t weaken the influence of the nation state but condition under which their off power is executed.