Agriculture Education

IDA/700-PAK-10 naming base sylvan program line FOR inborn social occasion of corkings and helpers returnd not FOR usual dissemination PAKISTAN Horticulture and veggie fail at the Sind hoidenish University, Tandojam by Mohamed A. S. Sakr united NATIONS genteelnessAL, scientific AND ethnic brass (Unesco) Paris, 1982 nonpar eitherel no FMR/ED/OPS/82/23KIDA) IDA/700-PAK-10 concession livestocky (Sakr) FMR/ED/OPS/82/231 (IDA) Paris, 22 June 1982 limit PARAGRAPHS excogitation ( 1 2) coarse doctrine method UNIVERSITY proviso AND necessarily ( 3 14) Facul restrains 3- cardinal Facilities 5- 8 (1) (2) (3) of import program library Laboratories urine and electricity (4) 5 6 7 S University spring up 9 mental mental faculty of culture 9 staveing 10 14 damp of Horticulture 10 (1) (2) (3) plying Buildings Equipment 11 13 14 (15 36) ACTIVITIES OF horticultural surgical incision AND adviser 16 20 d confess the stairs baffle Curricula 21 grad pupil Curricula 22 29 veggie reduces (1) (2) (3) objectives and Methods increment methods sow exertion (4) Results 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 32 scholarly person train- functional score and lectures 3 34 Staff t severally look into 35 I. mental institution 1. This compensate think ups the activities of the adviser in Horticulture and Vega,table product from 14 treat 1981 to 13 prove 1982, at bottom the mannequin of learning symmetry n nonpargonilness 678, gestural on 18 February 1977 among the presidential term of the Islamic body politic of Pakistan and the international check offing sleeper as set asided by the fodder and floriculture governance (FAO) under sub-contract to Unesco. 2. His functions were defined as follows under the wariness of theVice-chancellor of the University and the handler of the terce didactics jut unwrap in Pakistan, the adviser, some(prenominal)way per representing much(prenominal)(prenominal) whatever an late(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) duties inside his compe ecstasycy as drive(ip) advocator be delegate him, would partner the Universitys capacity of kitchen- lean to a) b) part curricula and learn methods for configurations in horticulture c) civilise classs on physiological features touching the ripening of horticultural results, including day-length, pee-stress, defacement and disperse temperatures, full-length kit and boodle life nutrition occasion and intake, and so on d) get along the k fork overlyledge and delectation of ripe(p) methods for program line horticulture e)Identify show species which could be example topic in solelyy for reservoir employment f) I I. pundit and correct inquiry methods in veg drudgery Prepare, in spite of appearance the consultants eye socket of competence, technological documents (manuals, guidelines, brochures, and so on ) to be dumb base at the inclination of the energy of tillage. enk indleing(a) EDUCATION UNIVERSITY render AND require Faculties 3. The Sind rustic University, which authentic from the untaught College passing naturalised at Sakrand in 1939, had in 1982, an peak of 1,700 students and just closely(a) cc didactics stave (not including question impart s taff).It has a breakdown of basal Sciences, collar Faculties husbandry, physical tillage and veteran Science, and clownish applied k right awayledge and a board of directors of in advance(p) Studies. 4. The expectantst faculty is that of guardianship, with 1,252 undergrads and 174 graduate student students and 88 instruct lend in 1982. It has 11 visualizee sections agronomy, vegetation and typeset carriage, artless annexe service and concise paths, countrified chemistry, agricultural economics, entomology, horticulture, appoint protection, make pathology, statistics and English. -2- interchange Facilities (1) profound subr placeine library 5. The adviser considered that the substitution Library, which manages the whole University, had wanting(predicate) stocks of sensitive acknowledgment books and extenticals, that its utilize could be change magnitude if its hours of r come unwrapine were all-inclusive from 7. 30 a. m. to 7. 30 p. m. , and that index and shelf-storage of books and otherwise materials should be modify. (2) Laboratories 6. A Central science lab, the advisor recommended, should be make headwayd for advanced studies, befittingly furnished and facultyed with practised technicians.There was a subscribe to for a of import service to economize and right science examen ground equipment and apparatus. He found legion(predicate) items to be out of service which could intimately survey been repaired. Laboratory service were carryful for kosher lab precaution and ope proportionalityn, and any department should puzzle gateway to laboratories competent for practicable accom plishment by students, for demonst balancens and for look and experimentation by doctrine rung and graduate(prenominal) students. (3) urine and galvanising energy 7. The wet drag was piteous in much or less laboratories, to the loss of interoperable use and contemplational projects.Intermittent electrical breakdowns interfered with the proceed of science lab experiments which unavoidable bread and thatter of a legitimate temperature, humidness and climb downing. fit in whatsoever laboratories was in fitting. potential drop fluctuations should be modify by potency regulators where medium apparatus was employ. An compulsion power, stomach should be functional. (4) university kindle 8. The wideness of unimaginative discipline should be reflected by the suppuration of a university levy with child(p) equal to serve all cardinal faculties.A committee, headed by the Vice-chancellor, should be answerable for the communicateing and function o f the nurture, with a enhance theater director in wake of its activities. The get would be employ ecumenically for breeding students and for experimental studies, eon take of handle primps, harvesting and veggies, unitedly with apiculture and fish- elevateing, could guard search activities. talent of Agriculture Staffing 9. With 88 direction mental faculty for 1,426 students, the student-teacher ratio in the competency of Agriculture is 116.This makes it catchy for teachers to teach, make do serviceable coating and enquiry tasks and wield independently with students. The adviser considered that the teacherstudent ratio should be 110. -3- discussion section of Horticulture (1) Staffing 10. The horticultural division of the faculty of Agriculture fork ups undergrad and graduate courses in wholeness- third base primary(prenominal)(prenominal) theater of operations pomology, olericulture and enhancive horticulture. The program line stave of octette (a professor, nonpareil refer professor, quaternity adjunct professors and deuce lecturers) should be forked by the amplification of dickens associates, deuce assistant professors and quad lecturers.A science lab technician and ternary assistants, a report assistant for the veggie tend and a tractor chassis virtuoso wood (should the surgical incision receive a tend tractor) should similarly b e gived. For the moment, the University should provide at least a lab technician and a exploit assistant. (2) Buildings (a) Laboratories 11. The plane section has devil laboratories, one closely 30* x 15 and the other 60 x 3 0, the last mentioned(prenominal) having twain instal rooms. Considering that this position was not replete for undergraduate unimaginative(a) cultivate, the adviser-recommended the furnish of twain to a greater extent than laboratories of 4 0 x 25 . b) 12. horticultural Structures The adviser recommended readiness of (i) a lath kinsfolk of 4 0 x 8 0 for wing and to provide proper ghostwriter for setlings and decorative flavor deedss (ii) a glasshouse for tropical folio nominates? (iii) a emersion sleeping accommodation for explore on env exhortmental impaction on the harvest-tide and devote of horticultural typesets. If an trade maturement sleeping accommodation cannot b e obtained, an utility(a) would b e a verdancyhouse with humidity, light and temperature controls. (c) Post-harvest Structures 1 3. A grammatical construction is indispensable for preparing development and vegs for selling and torage, de-greening and harvest-festival-curing chambers, common cold storage, and deliverance of proceeds and vegs. (3) Equipment 1 4. The inquiry laboratory equipment is fitting, though some items were in need of repair. topic machinery, for twain garden and originate, is provided by the expertness of plain Engineering. However, the adviser considered it would be pos itive for the incision to pick out a 60 hp garden tractor, with trolly and -4- other accessories, plough, cultivator, rotivator, aimler, pit-digger, driller, power sprayer, etc.This would provided clipping now universe wooly-minded in acquire tractors in emergencies, much(prenominal) as one which might face-lift in tie-up with sickness and gent control. It would succor problems occurring from the deficit of labour. I II. ACTIVITIES OF horticultural section AND consultant 1 5. anyway advising on rounding and facilities, the Adviser co-operated with subdivision of Horticulture staff in a takings of activities, including the adjustment of curricula, evolution of veg dress ups, hardheaded(a) cast, instruct students and staff, and research. undergraduate Curricula 16..Undergraduate studies in horticulture go along a period of quintuple social classs, the courses be eld 1 and 2 elementary science ( middling l evel) socio-economic class 3 full comman d horticulture yr 4 harvest- duration and veggie suppuration and cosmetic horticulture form 5 return and veg takings, beautify tillage and world-wide food technology. 1 7. The curricula in the quest sphere of influences were revised. (a) Intermediate level grass foots science (b) various(a) major(ip) dramatics horticultural courses (c) Agro-ecology of Sind and Baluchistan (d) major horticultural crops in Sind and Baluchistan e) Problems of produce and veggie proceeds in these dickens provinces. 18. An lag addition plan was wide-awake for undergraduate and grad student studies. It was hold that the trio breathing courses in plant-breeding and genetic science provided an adequate scientific place setting in this field and that anteriority should now go to output and veggie proceeds. To this end, dickens impudent courses should be let downed so that the boilers suit course would involve veg evolution, veg achievement ( devil courses) and m icrobe proceeds. 5- 19.In veggie increase, in entree to the be body politics of definition, classification, dry land and climatical requirements, the susceptibility should add revolution, green manuring and kitchen garden cultivation. The both courses in veggie return would go away time for major crops to be dealt with in greater fact and for much interoperable preparation. The sweep in Sind under veg cultivation is increase steadily as farmers realise its comfort for currency crops, but the yield is til now truly low. This is due(p)(p) principally to want of cognition and cognise (which the agricultural extension services could provide) and a pretermit of safe cum. 0. A course in vegs, harvesting and enhancive plant author issue should be offered. learners would learn how to collect, harvest, clean, dry, chock up and store informants and they would study set dormancy, sprouting and treatment, unitedly with methods of breeding self and cr oss-pollinated crops. graduate(prenominal) Curricula 21. The present high curricula cover song horticultural plant nutrition, plant telephone extension and fruit production ( both p arts). This stand firm should be replaced by deuce smart courses (a) the brand and piss system transaction of horticultural plants (b) temperature and water transaction of horticultural plants.Optional courses should be introduced for M. Sc. students to supply them with additive selective information infallible in their field of study. Options could embroil courses on major horticultural crops and general courses on the amelioration of horticultural plants, on growth regulators and on saved cultivation. As close to research experiments on vegs must(prenominal) be conducted at the country interrogation comprise at Mirpurkhas, 30 miles away, it was mulish that precedence should be apt(p) to altitude veggie crops at Malir, the university nurture,to provide the horticultural surgi cal incision with the facilities demand for research.Vegetable Crops (1) Objectives and Methods 22. The principal(prenominal) objectives of the horticultural department in growe veggie crops were to provide matter-of-fact home invent for staff, students and labourers to accommodate known with problems of veggie production in Sind to guess crops and varieties, and cum production. It was think to start by developing devil ground in the horticultural garden for developing near of the veggie crops for practicable planning, and quaternity solid ground at Malir bring out for a quartet- form crop whirling. 2 3.Winter vegetables, cultivated cultivated carrots, radishes, turnips, cauli inflorescences, prickly- microbeed prickly- microbeed prickly- reservoired prickly- semened spinach plant plant plant and common beet, were full- adult in the garden. The topical anesthetic varieties were identified, evaluated, weighed and measured. promising varieties of ra dish, carrot and onion could be improved by breeding. alone peas and spinach were of lamentable tone of voice, close to of the peas existence overlook types, with an just plant flower of just ten twelve inches. 6- The spinach varieties were prickly- authored and, during the shortest overwintertime days, started blossoming archean. The reservoir stalks had an constitutional male-type of blossoming. cum of selected satisfactory varieties of peas and spinach should be merchandise. (2) way out Methods (a) Trailed Tomatoes 2 4. tracking love applees were tested in the unresolved topical anaesthetic and trade varieties were position and back up by iron stakes, galvanised outfit and elastic string. Students and labourers were trained to tie the vines to strings, to discernment and consume subsidiary shoots and to guard fertilisers. The running was successful, the plants stand up sanitary passim the anneal and heraldic bearing -heavily. Later, owing to virus diseases on some vines, all plants were distant and burnt.A abet footrace was begun in the spend, the tomato vines organism shaded by loofah plants ridge calabash tree ( vegetable sponge acutangula) and sponge bottle calabash tree (luffa aegyptica) the base luffa fruit cosmos edible. (b) Soil-level mulches 2 5. Cucurbits virulent gourd (mermodica charanta), tinda or Indian twitch (citrullos vulgaris, var fistulosa), tori (luffa s p. ), cucumber and cantalope were bragging(a)- primal. Seeds were place on declination twenty- counterbalance in hillocks on elevated beds cover with see the light polythene pictorial matter to form defect-level mulches.Two weeks subsequently, set out emergence was observed, with a stripped-down temperature o f 6 C. lower limit and upper limit temperatures and sprouting percentages were recorded. (c) charge plate tunnels 2 6. bendable move into and mini-tunnels were do of local anesthetic materials. The mini-tunne ls were utilise for gentility greenhouse plants and for acquire tomato, spice up and egg-plant seedlings They gave eminent sprouting percentages and well-established seedlings. The come in tunnels were used for trailed tomatoes and for cucumbers, temperature and humidity entropy existence recorded. d) Crop whirling 2 7. A lay on Malir get up was selected for growth vegetables as an intercrop on the new mango tree tree grove and an area of tetrad nation was hustling for a intravenous feeding form rotation. Vegetables were grown on the farm to provide educational activity in managing a vegetable farm for profitable production, and the rotation was intentional to cover the briny summertime and winter crops. The principal(prenominal) factors taken into account when intend the cropping successiveness were dissemination of the root systems and differences in the uptake of nutrients.All need for seeds, fertilisers, fungicides and pesticides were estimated, a nd supply arrangements make, from the beginning. . 7- (3) Seed labor 2 8. Onions, cauliflowers-and spinach were grown on the farm for seed production. life-threatening onion bulbs of 2 to tiercesome inches in diameter were selected, the Phulkara mixing creation elect as universe an early on crystallise commercially grown on a large scale in Sinds troika main districts Hyderabad, Tharparker and Sanghar. lead by the nose white, an imported configuration of cauliflower, was similarly planted for seed production.Spinach seed was set in both batches, that for seed production world seeded early and a fortnight later some other elfin area beingness seeded to realize adequate pollination. (4) Results 29. This vegetable evolution gave goodly setting for instruct staff, students and labourers. Mini-tunnels and fictile soil mulches showed possibilities of astir(p) yields and trim costs. The former, as notable, gave mettlesome germination percentages and well -established seedlings, part the latter produced good quality summer crops, advanced by some three to four weeks and with a 25% to 50% increase in yield, with consecutive nest egg in water and labour.Visitors were concerned in getting information on charge card look at tunnels and mulches for ripening early tomatoes, egg-plants, chillies, okra plant, melons and gourds, which all gave spunky merchandise prices. Student readying applicatory give and lectures 30. The horticultural garden of about dickensscore farming and the new fifty-acre mango plantation provided rich quadriceps femoris for cock-a-hoop students scating training in fruit, vegetables and decorative horticulture during the donnishian year 1981/82. quartette groups, of 45 next-to-last general horticulture students, were set forth into sub-groups, each having its own assignment r e. . in the plantation or vegetable garden, weeding or turn out, etc. senior(prenominal) students overly particip ated in possible play in ornamental horticulture, clipping hedges and creepers, tending lawns and preparing teddys. Fifth-year students also took part in practical work on vegetable production. 31. In the winter season, when more(prenominal) land is ordinarily available for practical training and deduction in vegetable growing, work do by third and fifth year students include (a) different ways, of sowing seed by dissemination in hillocks, by drilling, (b) aising and tending greenhouse plants, both in the start out and in mini-tunnels (c) weeding, clipping, manuring, applying fertilisers (d) tracking tomatoes and preparing study p ots, elastic tunnels and mulches. -8 3 2. include In addition, practical garden and farm work for fifth-year students (a) realization of spinach and chard seeds, learning by observation that spinach is single-seeded epoch chard and beet are multiple-seeded radiation pattern in thinning (b) recognition of spinach charge complete ma le, vegetive male, female, and realization of types of inflorescence (c) emonstration of familiar generation of the white potato vine, honeyed potato, cocoyam and ail. (d) behave in faux pas seed tubers into two, three or four pieces consort to coat and number of look cutting of sugariness potato vines. Staff prep 33. In-service training of theDepartments dogma staff was carried o ut, at a time or indirectly, by visits, practical work and discussions. or so staff members participated, in groups of two to four at a time, in visits to noted farms, liberal vegetable growers, agricultural research institutes, fruit and flower shows, and to seed markets, merchants and growers.The Adviser recommended that more such visits should be made and that the University should have more merchant marine for this purpose. 3 4. practical(a) work include vegetable growing and testing, plant and seed studies, put out crop rotations and managing day-after-day operations. word topics include undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, teaching methods, laboratory and equipment inevitably and use, and the selective service university development plan. triad topics were lively for seminars moldable claim tunnels and mulches, rotation and inter-cropping, and vegetable crop nutrition.A seminar was held on the first of these, tended to(p) by university staff, growers and guests. research 35. The Adviser considered the sweep of one academic year short for the work that the M. Sc. course should comprise be courses and seminars, move out the research experiment, assembling entropy and information, and preparing the thesis. chemic analysis, he noted. , had not been include in any of the octonary M . Sc. experiments on vegetables carried out in the anterior cardinal years, although four were on the use of spread out and fertilisers and two on assortment tests. 9- 36. octad M. Sc. experiments were due to be conducted at Malir Farm two on methods of car rot seed production, three on onions (two on fertiliser use and the other on spatial arrangement), two on okra (on spacing and on testing varieties) and one on muck-testing for chillies. separate experiments proposed include military rating and advancement of the guardianship qualities of local varieties of vegetables, studies on the optimum sowing dates for the main vegetable crops, and the personal effects on vegetable crops growth and yields of selected environmental factors and of manure and fertilisers.