American criminal procedures Essay

The American Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech, religion, and assembly in addition to other significant protections against the suppression of government and official agencies, â€Å"provides a noble action and shield of human dignity. †(Brennan Jr. 1989. p 425) The Bill of rights epitomizes the constant will of humanity for individual rights and protections. Essentially, Bill of Rights as incarnated in the first ten Amendments of American constitution is an acknowledgment of the individual dignity and rights and it also manifest an embargo on the government itself to exploit and manipulate these rights. â€Å"The Bill of Rights, in other words, deals with the protection of the individual against his Government. The protection of an individual against another individual or group of individuals is not implicit in the Bill of Rights, but falls more into the realm of police powers of the Government. † (Wise, James Waterman, 1941. p. 35) The philosophy and ideas of English Philosopher John Locke has been inducted in the Bill of Rights. Locke presented the philosophy of natural rights i. e. that all the individuals are endowed with inherent rights. Locke was of the view that civil society of which the government is an organ, is established to safeguard the individual rights. This idea of natural right greatly influenced the concepts Madison who is considered the creator of American Bill of Rights. The guarantees of fundamental individual rights, provided by the bill of rights are general in its definition and application and applicability rests in the discretion of the â€Å"adjudicative bodies. † This quality of the Bill of Rights capacitate it with the ability to be applicable at the broader level because it â€Å"permit judges to adapt canons of right to situation not envisaged by those who framed (it) there by facilitating (its) evolution and preserving (its) vitality†(Brennan Jr. 1989). Another distinction of the Bill of rights is that it enables the Supreme Court to reform American criminal procedures and align it with the provision and protections in the Bill of Rights. For example in Miranda vs. Arizona case, the Court made it clear that police must inform the person under interrogation his rights. Its ruling included that police must inform the detainee his right to silence and his right to a lawyer. But the attitude of Supreme Court is ambivalent in the above mentioned case and is encircled with controversies. Sixth Amendments provides the right of counsel to the detainees or individual under interrogation or under prosecution in a federal court. The denial of such counseling negates the provision of Bill of rights. Certain ruling by the federal courts exemplify that courts are still in a state of confusion over this issue. â€Å"In dealing with state cases the Supreme Court has distinguished between the situation where an accused is denied the right to consult a lawyer whom he had selected, and that where, being unable to procure any lawyer, the court refused to appoint one. In the former case a conviction cannot standing the latter it depends on the circumstances†. (Fraenkel, O. K. 1963, p. 117). The House vs. Mayo and Betts vs. Bardy cases are clear manifestation of this duality on the part of judiciary. ( House v. Mayo, 324 U. S. 786 (1945) 117, 118 & Betts v. Brady, 316 U. S. 455 (1942) 118) In the absence of an enforcement mechanism or power of vindication, the bill of rights becomes mere moral ideals. These moral ideals are better appreciated rather than practiced. Same is the case with the American Bill of Rights. The courts can take action unless a plea is made to it. But a written charter is also essential to empower the judiciary protect the citizen from the clutches of official hostility. This empowerment through bill of Rights manifested itself in the case of NSA surveillance controversy. U. S. President George W. Bush promulgated a secret executive order soon after 9/11 that capacitated the National Security Agency (NSA) with an authority to carry out wiretapping of suspected persons in America. The hallmark of this executive order was to conduct surveillance without acquiring approval or warrants from a FISA court (Risen. J & Lichtblau Eric. 2005). These order and activity were unlawful and unconstitutional as it violated the legal and constitutional privacy rights of the people provided under Fourth Amendment. Fourth Amendments states that â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. †(Hand, L. 1986) The executive order issued by the President Bush for warrantless surveillance is an explicit violation of the fourth amendment as it enables the security agencies to intrude the private lives of American people without providing any â€Å"probable cause† for this act. The illegality of the executive order was further reinforced by the court decision in ACLU vs. NSA case. The U. S. District Court Judge OF Eastern District of Michigen ruled that wiretapping without warrant from FISA is an unlawful and unconstitutional activity as it is the violation of individual privacy rights and freedom. The judge further ordered to eavesdrop on phone calls with immediate effect. In her ruling she wrote: â€Å"The President of the United States, a creature of the same Constitution which gave us these Amendments, has undisputedly violated the Fourth in failing to procure judicial orders as required by FISA, and accordingly has violated the First Amendment Rights of these Plaintiffs as well. † (ACLU v. NSA. 2006 p. 33) The duality of the adjudicative powers is clear from a previous ruling where in Draper case (Draper v. United States, 358 U. S. 307 (1959) 100) the Court advocate in favour of a warrantless search made to an arrest in a public place. The court ruling was based on the ground that law enforcement agency had â€Å"probable cause† to believe that a criminal activity has occurred although they worked on information from an informant formerly found reliable. This was obvious mockery of the civil rights of the individuals. Above mentioned examples illustrates that Bill of Rights is a proper and valid guarantee for the individual rights of American citizens. But lack of a proper reinforcement mechanism makes it dependent. The generality of the provisions of Bill of Rights is an important characteristic that enables the adjudicative agencies to interpret it according to situational context of a particular case. Although certain rulings by the Courts has harmed the true nature and objective of the Bills of Rights and had reduced it to mere cherished ideals but still it is an important tool to protects the rights of American people References ACLU vs. NSA. (2006) http://fl1. findlaw. com/news. findlaw. com/nytimes/docs/nsa/aclunsa81706opn. pdf Brant, I. 1965, The Bill of rights: its origin and meaning. A Mentor book, New American Library, New York. Brennan, William J. Jr. 1989, Why Have a Bill of Rights? Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 9, no. 4. pp. 425-440 Draper v. United States, 358 U. S. 307 (1959) 100 http://caselaw. lp. findlaw. com/cgibin/getcase. pl? friend=nytimes&navby=case&court=us&vol=358&invol=307 Dumbauld, E. 1979, The Bill of rights and what it means today. Greenwood Press, Westport. Fraenkel, O. K. 1963, The Supreme Court and civil liberties: how the Court has protected the Bill of rights. 2d ed. Published for the American Civil Liberties Union, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.. Hand, L. 1986, The Bill of rights. College ed. The Oliver Wendell Holmes lectures 1958. Atheneum, New York, N. Y.. Strauss, David A. 1992, Afterword: The Role of a Bill of Rights The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 59, no. 1, The Bill of Rights in the Welfare State: A Bicentennial Symposium, pp. 539-565. Risen. J & Lichtblau Eric. 2005, Bush Lets U. S. Spy on Callers without Courts, NewYork Time, December 16. http://www. nytimes. com/2005/12/16/politics/16program. html? ei=5090&en=e32072d786623ac1&ex=1292389200

Discussing Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet

This movie is about Romeo and Juliet. Leonardo DiCaprio Is playing the Romeo part in this movie. And Claire Danes is play Juliet part. The movie is directed by Baz Luhrmann. He is a modern day version director. He directed this movie in 1996 and he only used 10% of Shakespeare language. Because we don't speak same language as Shakespeare. Baz Luhrmann uses guns instead of swords and uses cars instead of horses. In the beginning of Romeo and Juliet we see a news reporter talking about the two households. Than the camera start zooming in and in. Then very quickly you see fair Verona. The narrator says about two households both alike in dignity, In fair Verona where we lay our scene. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes, a pair of star-cross's lovers take their life. When the narrator says those things the background music is very loud and the music is trying to tell us about the movie. By listening this music you could say that something bad will happen in this movie. Which will be very emotional and sad? Then you see a newspaper article where it says Montague's v Capulet's. And than you see helicopters, cars and people. When that happens the background music become louder and louder and you see two buildings with the names at the top Capulet and Montague and Jesus Christ statue in the middle. The reason why the director put this statue in the middle to show that people in fair Verona want peace between these two families. We than see the shots of the city and the police. Than we see some of the main characters in the movie their, with and a description of who they are. The reason why the director shows us this is because he wants to tell us that these people and they will come in the movie latter on. The scene changes and you hear a different music where three Montague's are sitting in the yellow open car with the special plate at the front saying Mon 005 and listening to the music the boys the boys. Than you hear them insulting the Capulet's. One of the guy in Montague is bald, with tattoo of Montague on his head . The music they hear is very cool and they wear sunglasses, and open Hawaiian shirts. The reason why the director put this music to show their personality. In other word to show how cool they are. The Montagu's than go to the Gas station. Benvolio get out from the car and goes to the toilet. He is Romeo's cousin . Than we see a Capulet get out of his car, only you can see his feet he chucks his cigarette down. He is wearing cowboy shoes, and the background music is western music. By hearing that music you could say that person is not a good person and he is a very important person in the movie and he wants to fight. When he goes in the gas station some girls come out and one of Montague shows off by doing some nasty things. Than one of the Capulet come out of the car. The car is blue and scary and on the number plate it says Cap 005. The person who comes from the car is very strong and when he removes his jacket you could see his gun saying Cap and the Montagues get scared because on their gun it says Mon and the both of the gangs hate eachother. Abra shows his silver teeth saying SIN and the Montagues fall back in shock into the car. Abra shouts Boo laughing at them. At first Montagues just stay there but after a little while he comes from behind and does bite my thumb Abra doesn't reverse his car very fast. Montague gets scared and panic they start to fill up with petrol. But Abra comes out his car and say do you mind your thumb at me sir one of Montague says I do mind my thumb sir. Montagues look at Benvolio is coming. The reason why they have icons on there cars,and guns to show the differences between these two families like to show that they are different from eachother. When Benvolio comes he takes his gun. And that's were the fights start. One of the Montagues hides next to the car where the lady keeps hitting him. And than Tybalt comes out and the western music starts as a background to set the mood. Tybalt is the cousin of Juliet. First Benvolio tries to avoid fights and keep peace between the families. Benvolio says drop your guns and have peace. But Tybalt says I hate the word peace as I hate hell like all Montague's. When he says that the director keeps his camera on his eyes to shows the evil. He closes the camera on both the eyes of Tybalt and benvolio and on his mouth because he says the line from there. Than the little boy comes from behind and Tybalt takes his gun out and scared that little kid. And than both gangs started to shot at eachother than the Montague who was getting hit by the women he scares her and start shooting but unfortunately he doesn't know where he is shooting because he is keeping shooting at a sign saying Fuel Your fire he is keeping shooting at this sign. The sign is here to tell you that hold your fire. Then Tybalt who is showoff person he wears a black trouser and bullet proof red jacket with Jesus icons on them. He is keep diving and shooting one of his bullet hits Benvolios hand and his gun go straight under the car. Than two of the Montague's put petrol in the car they drop some of it on Benvolio. They both sit in the car and start driving it . Tybalt than bends down takes his jacket off. Takes another gun out and shots at montagues. Than Tybalt drop his cigarette and the fire starts Benvolio gets scared because some of the petrol is on his shirt. Benvolio than picks his gun and runs over cars and shooting at Tybalt. And the fire blasts all the gas station. Here the directors have to be fast because he has to keep zooming the camera. And note every thing happening in the scene. And than you could hear traffic and shooting noise. Then you see helicopters in the air. And Benvlio and Tybalt looking at eachother in anger. The director focus o their eyes because you could see the anger in the eyes between them. In the background you could see people running and the cars are stopped. Than the prince who is sitting in the helicopter says to them that drop your guns. Than you see two cars in one car Capulet's are sitting and in the other Montague's . Montague's says that give me my sword but his wife stops him. Than they both sit inside the building where the prince says two civil wars and says you both disturbed our streets and if one more time you disturbed our streets than you will pay the fine. This part is to show that both families hate really hate eachother and the prince is trying to warn both of these. Than the director focus on Montague's after that. All the Montague's go to the beach where Romeo is sitting the background music is a very sad music. Romeo is sitting writing his diary and thinking about his Girlfriend Rosaline. You could tell that by looking at his face that he doesn't like what's happening between these two families. He likes to spend much time alone because of the violence. Romeos mother talk to her husband about Romeo. You also could see the link between Benvolio and his shirt. Because on his shirt there are flowers and its all about the beach. And now they are on beach as well you could say that he spends most of his time on the beach. He than gets out of the car and says good morrow to his cousin they both walk and in the TV Romeo see's what Benvolio did he tries to tell him that not to this because that way there won't be any piece. As an audience I would say that this movie is great. There are some really good unbelievable actions fight's. The music is a sum and it really suits the movie. And it would make good money. Baz Luhrmann directed this movie superbly. The camera angles were perfect. The other actors are superb, and acted wonderfully in the movie. What Luhrmann did was both bold and brilliant, and he succeeded wonderfully. First people thought that Luhrmann destroyed the play's beauty and power by setting it in modern times. In short words I would say love in first sight.

How can be a university education be free? Essay

A free college education for all? That’s been the dream of many an idealist. President Obama certainly shares this goal— a year ago he said â€Å"The single most important thing we can do is to make sure we’ve got a world-class education system for everybody. That is a prerequisite for prosperity.† State university systems, particularly in New York and California, are tasked to provide all students— even those of limited means—access to higher education. Many, especially on the political Left, view public support of education as a cornerstone of a free and prosperous society. Thus the current economic hard times have produced great distress. Both SUNY in New York and the three California state systems, along with many others, have been forced to dramatically raise tuition. Many states have cut back on support—the sad and familiar joke being that public institutions have gone from being state supported to merely state located. Federal funds are also threatened: graduate students will no longer receive interest deferments, earmarks (a traditional source of money for higher education) are no longer available, and government grant money is increasingly harder to come by. More financial woe looks likely in the near future. On top of this many questions are raised about the value of higher education. Is college teaching what students really need to know? Will it really be able to guarantee graduates a place in the middle class as it has done in the past? Do the benefits of college justify the increasingly burdensome student loan debt that our nation’s youth is now saddled with? Higher education, already unaffordable, may no longer be worth the cost. It all looks pretty grim. And yet I believe we are on the cusp of a new world in higher education – a world that can provide a free (or nearly free) college education for all. The recession has brought higher education’s woes into sharp relief, but it has not caused them. Colleges, designed for the world in the 1960s and 1970s, have not changed with the times. Colleges are still run as top-down bureaucracies rather than bottom-up communities. Outside of government, few other organizations operate this way. Anybody can publish and sell a book at Amazon.com. Google and Apple let their customers determine most of their content. Walmart empowers even its most junior employees to order products and set prices. Wikipedia allows any reader to write or update an article. Higher ed’s institutional structures aren’t like that at all, featuring top-down, inefficient, bureaucratic command management. Maintaining this old-fashioned system is ever more expensive and increasingly impossible. So here are some suggestions for how higher ed can imitate successful organizations, improve quality, and reduce costs even to zero. Let volunteers teach classes: This isn’t simply about saving labor costs (though it is that, too); it is primarily about crowd-sourcing. Just as Amazon, Google, and Wikipedia are able to tap into the expertise of millions, colleges can do the same by blurring the distinction between faculty, student, town, and gown. In an on-line environment there is no limit on the number of classes that can be taught, and no reason to restrict class offerings to only those taught by paid employees. Founded in 2009, University of the People will exclusively use volunteer faculty. Indeed, the distinction between faculty and student is hopelessly blurred in their model. As a result they aspire to be a tuition-free university open to any high school grad anywhere in the world. Initially they are offering programs in business administration and computer science, and are seeking regional accreditation. While there is no tuition, there are some fees, but the total cost for a bachelor’s degree will likely be a few hundred dollars, depending on where you live. By comparison, Texas’ initiative to offer bachelor’s degrees for $10,000 looks like a very modest goal. While UoPeople exists solely on-line, residential colleges can and should take advantage of volunteers. Indeed, classes intended primarily for personal enrichment (as opposed to career preparation) are possibly better taught by volunteers than paid faculty. Who better to teach Shakespeare than somebody whose primary motivation is a love of Shakespeare? Why not empower the waitress down the street (the one with a PhD in English) to teach a class on Hamlet? Just as with Amazon and Wikipedia, crowd-sourcing results in the best coming forward and leading the way. The university will need to establish rules that enable the winnowing and selection process— just as Amazon does very successfully with the customer reviews and the best-seller rankings—without in any way depriving others of opportunity. Of course volunteers may not be grading papers. Some of that can be avoided by asking peers, with instructor oversight, to grade papers (as UoPeople will certainly be doing), but that brings us to the second requirement of a (nearly) free education. Automate almost everything: In particular, automate grading. There are today few reasons for any human being to be grading math or science homework—at least through the sophomore level. Indeed, faculty graders can be unfair and unreliable— I speak from experience. Computer grading can be more reliable and certainly much cheaper. Even for the â€Å"softer† subjects computers can be an asset. On-line campuses at minimum run English papers through Turnitin and a grammar- and spell-checker before a grader even sees the paper, eliminating the most tedious labor. But where computerization isn’t possible, grading can be out-sourced. Western Governors University hires graders for whom both the student and the faculty member remain anonymous, and who are required to calibrate their work against other graders to ensure consistency. This is not free, but it is cheaper than faculty graders and almost certainly better. For some classes it may even be possible to outsource grading to India or the Philippines to further reduce costs. With volunteer faculty and computerized/outsourced grading, the cost of many classes can approach zero. But there are still some classes that need to be professionally taught and for which grading is not a primary expense. I’m thinking of the core introductions to the disciplines, such as Intro to Psychology, Calculus, or General Chemistry, etc. How can these be taught more cheaply? Let the winner take all: If my grandchildren ever decide to take calculus, I want them to have an excellent instructor. Indeed, I’d like them to have the best instructor in the country. In times past that would require attending an elite liberal arts college. But today (or more likely, tomorrow) there are more and better choices. These already exist for languages. A quirky company called Rosetta Stone has largely put college foreign language instruction out of business. For approximately $200/semester one can learn almost any language one wants—not quite free, but much cheaper and (apparently) more effective than the college classroom. Rosetta Stone is a good example of winner-take-all; it has cornered the market not because of some government license, nor because only their employees know languages, but because they are better and cheaper. Why not do this with calculus, chemistry, psychology and all the rest? This will eventually happen. In each of those disciplines a product (or, hopefully, two or three competing products) will emerge that is manifestly better than anything any individual college can produce in-house. Why has it not already happened? With foreign languages one can either speak the language or not—a short conversation will test. Whether or not one gets credit for the class is completely irrelevant. The Carnegie Units awarded by academic language departments therefore have no value and are unsellable. With general chemistry, on the other hand, it is much harder to know whether or not the student has actually learned anything—a short conversation won’t do. Therefore the Carnegie Units are still valued, and a general chemistry class that doesn’t come with credit will find few takers. What is needed is a recognized way to establish competence independent of Carnegie Units. Once that happens the winner-take-all world quickly follows. A current project at Stanford University offers a path forward. Stanford is teaching a free, on-line class in artificial intelligence. As of August 15th news reports indicated that 58,000 people had registered. I have a friend who is signed up, and he reports that now enrollment is over 100,000. Stanford is not awarding credit for this class—no Carnegie Units involved. Instead they are doing something much cleverer and much more subversive. Stanford will rank the students in order of how well they do in the class and send them a certificate accordingly. Coming in first in a class of 100,000 will be quite an achievement—worth far more than any Carnegie Units. That person (or more likely, thousand people) will have a credential they can take to the bank. More generally, the organizations that offer world class instruction in the disciplines can keep their own records of how well students do. This will serve as a transcript, rendering the college transcript and the associated Carnegie Units irrelevant and unmarketable. Carnegie Units are a problem, and that brings us to the final suggestion. Break the cartel: What might be called the â€Å"Carnegie Cartel† survives because it serves the best interest of existing institutions. Like all good cartels, it reduces competition by raising the cost of entry and by fixing prices. It is enforced by accrediting agencies, appropriately run as voluntary associations of existing institutions, dedicated to keeping newcomers out. Acquiring and retaining accreditation is expensive: including faculty and staff time along with the opportunity cost, a seven-figure price tag for an accreditation visit is not an unreasonable estimate. This does not include considerable efforts spent on on-going assessment, processes for continuous improvement, and collecting all the other ever more arcane documentation demanded by accreditors. A cartel maintains a grip on the market because it controls an essential resource that everybody needs. For the Carnegie Cartel this resource is access to state and federal financial aid—money not available to unaccredited organizations and individuals. But this resource is now threatened by several developments. First, the recession has simply reduced the funds available. Second, many shady for-profit colleges have successfully gamed the system and are now reaping a disproportionate share of funds, corrupting the entire enterprise. Third, the cartel’s currency—Carnegie Units—are no longer a very good proxy for educational achievement. The system is flummoxed by on-line or blended learning, not to mention on-line short courses taught by volunteers. Accrediting agencies have never heard of crowd-sourcing. Finally, and most important, the advent of free or nearly free education eliminates the value of the cartel’s franchise. Federal funds are not necessary. No cartel serves the interest of its customers, and the Carnegie Cartel is no exception. It has frozen an over-priced, outmoded and dysfunctional educational system in place. It needs to be broken up. I believe that is gradually happening now. Breaking the cartel will sharply reduce the cost of higher education across the board. A free college education for all? The UoPeople experiment is testing the free education model today. If it is successful, it will spread more or less rapidly, and even if that particular effort fails it will only be a few years before somebody tries again. So I am not presenting a radical vision for the distant future, but rather describing something that is happening now or very soon. A (nearly) free college education for everybody is not only possible, but likely. But it will be a bare-bones education, and many students will want to pay for something more. What might they pay for? The residential college experience is valuable even if the general chemistry class is out-sourced. The college can provide accompanying laboratory experiences and/or recitation sections. Students need a peer group. Classmates form the beginning of a professional network that will last a lifetime. Attending classes and studying together is valuable, even if the classes themselves are free. Peer group facilitators will be in demand. Some classes— analytical chemistry comes to mind—require expensive equipment along with a technically trained instructor. This will never be free. College faculty won’t get paid much for teaching, but they can still earn a living as tutors, research mentors, coaches, team-leaders, advisers, counselors. These skills cannot be computerized and students will pay for them. I am in favor of a free college education for all, despite the inevitable dislocation in the higher education community. I hope these changes happen sooner rather than later. But I am not starting a political movement. Activism is not necessary—the die is cast and much of what I predict is already taking place. Not that I’m against political activism—if you want to do that be my guest. But could I ask you to please wait for a few years until after I retire?

Air Pollution Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Air Pollution - Coursework Example This essay explores significant impacts global warming has. First, increase in global temperature can accelerate the melting of polar ice, and this can result in flooding of coastal areas. In addition, global warming can affect crops by upsetting their optimal temperature. Perhaps most significant, global warming can cause an increase in pests or diseases that can affect crops and animals. Other economic areas such as tourism that rely on snow such as Alpine regions will also suffer due to global warming. Reducing carbon emissions is one of the best approaches to reducing global warming. Many factors cause global warming, but carbon emissions are the most significant causal factor. To reduce global warming, industrialized nations and developing nations must cut down on their carbon emissions by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. This will call for a shift from the use of fossil fuel such as coal and oil to the exploitation of green energy such as solar and hydropower. This strategy c an help reduce the rate of global warming.

The Extended Marketing Mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Extended Marketing Mix - Assignment Example In order for customers to recognize your product, it is required to differentiate your product to highlight it in the eyes of the customer. Differentiation can be done on any basis; depending on what is more highly rated in your potential customer. The company on since it started working in 1981 has been focused on providing the best quality for their product. Crosland employed the method of carefully manufacturing various electronic goods such as amplifiers, tuners, record disks, cassette players etc and imported speakers from a relatively smaller shop and branded them with their own name. Since it relied on quality and produced specialized electronic equipment; they differentiated their product on this basis only. They provided quality services to their customer; the price was not their competitive factor. Distribution patterns are considered extremely important in marketing because no matter how beautiful and penetrating the marketing activities are, if the product is not available to the consumers when they ask for it, they will probably move to another product and start using it. Many products have failed due to the failure of the company to address the problem of proper and timely distribution of the product in the areas where there is extensive demand. The company under consideration was not paying enough attention to the changing marketing tastes and the ever changing consumer tastes and therefore, has started suffering in profits. The company had attained their advantage by providing quality products. However, because the world is becoming fast paced and the changes that are usually taking place in the minds of the consumers have dented the demand for their products. People are asking for more innovative products which are being provided to them by other competitive companies w hich have employed just in time production methods so that they stay in complete cohesion with the demand for their different products. The methods of the competitors have made them the market leader. Therefore in order to get their strategic advantage back, they need to employ such distribution methods that the consumers get timely availability of the product as and when they demand it. The improvement in their distribution channel should be done so that they can increase their customer base by increasing the customer satisfaction and convenience. They should improve their inventory management by increasing the introducing the just in time methods of inventory management; this method leads to quality improvement. Customers get better product in time and eventually they will be attracted to use the company's products due to timely availability and quality. As the company is already competing based on their quality, a little improvement in distribution patterns might help them in inc reasing the quality of their products and services to a much greater extent. Another strategy that they are using is exclusive distribution which in a way hinders the availability of product in all the markets (Elizabeth, 1996). Therefore, this reduces the probability that the customer will come to but the product to the specific shop if considering the current situation when the competitors are providing with better products. 3. Pricing Strategies Price is one to the most important and the basic variable that marketing managers

Human Resource policies and practises Enhances Organisation's Essay

Human Resource policies and practises Enhances Organisation's Performance and Productivity.Critically Evaluate - Essay Example Others however try to take the short cut – increase work hours, cut-costs and overload employees – and expect to see productivity increase. Such organizations too have HR policies in place and practice them rigorously, but at the cost of reduction in employee moral and commitment. Organizations spend millions annually in recruiting, training and maintaining a workforce. Some also allocate budget for introducing latest fads on People Management and try to continuously upgrade their HR systems. But do HR policies actually affect employee’s productivity? Or productivity is dependent on an individual’s general attitude towards work, irrespective of how good or bad the organization’s HR practices are? Common sense says that good HR should correlate with productivity – but do ground data support this hypothesis? The author’s reasons to undertake the above research include the quest to answer the above questions. The research will give a chance to the author to find out the diverse and current HR practices that are popular (through literature survey) and also, to interact first hand with HR managers in organizations selected for carrying out the interviews. With this, the author hopes to not only benefit as a researcher but also to get insights into the interesting realm of worker’s psychology, while at the same time conclusively establishing the truth of his chosen topic. The primary objective of the present study is to discover if HR practices and policies do indeed influence the productivity and performance of an organization. This exercise, in addition to revealing insights about popular practices, will also justify spending (in terms of time and money) over the introduction and implementation of the same. A data -base of case-studies/news/articles that elaborate how different organizations benefited due to better HR practices. Also, a primary research will be conducted where the author will administer

Project charter,WBS,Scope changes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project charter,WBS,Scope changes - Assignment Example Firstly, in order to cut down on expenses, renewable energy will not require reinvesting in after the initial installation or investment. In this case, the project does not consider making of renewable sources of energy, but rather providing identified industries with consultancy and recommendation on the type and amount to invest in in order to cut down on energy costs while at the same time promoting an environment free from industrial contaminants such as CO2. The opportunity lying under this project is that industries such as manufacturing, mining, and agriculture can use various alternative energy sources for both large and small scale production. However, while providing the environment analysis of the identified industries, the consultation service will be backed by industry analysis and the role played by specific industries in promoting global warming and other energy-associated environment challenges. With a business environment that promotes corporate social responsibility, this project will provide solutions to contemporary problems that nurture environment activists hindering the productivity of some industries. To reduce customer resistance to modern products produced unethically based on their effect on the environment, this project will provide the corporate environment with a bargaining advantage on consumer products manufactured or processed using safer energy alternatives (e.g Wave Oscillation). The approximate budget for the project initiation to completion is $10,000 covering equipment of use (computer system and statistical software), transport in the conduction of onsite analysis, proposal drafting and communication to identified industries. The approximate period is 5 weeks. Each week considered one industry and the time is used applied in primary research of the industry’s effect on social order while identifying two companies within. The